1. Introduction
2. Electrochemical detection techniques
3. Surface modification methods
4. Typical used nanomaterials-based carbon in fabrication of biosensors
5. Typical used nanomaterials-based non-carbon materials in fabrication of biosensors
6. Types of monitoring
7. Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors
8. Aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors
9. Other receptor-based electrochemical biosensors