Dr Michail Risvas is a Lecturer at Southampton Law School, University of Southampton, specialising in international arbitration and international economic law. Before joining the Law School, Dr Risvas was Assistant Professor at IE Law School in Madrid (2018 - 2021) and practised with international law firms in Paris (2013 - 2018), acting as counsel in investment and commercial arbitration. He holds a bachelor's degree in law from the University of Athens, and a doctorate and two master's degrees in international law from the University of Oxford.

• 1: Introduction


• 2: The Nature of Non-discrimination Obligations Contained in International Investment Treaties


• 3: The Legal Test for Establishing Violations of Non-discrimination Obligations


• 4: Procedural and Evidentiary Matters: Burden of Proof, Standard of Review, and Standard of Proof


• 5: Conclusions

This book provides an original, comprehensive treatment of the non-discrimination standards at the heart of investment treaty cases. Drawing insights from US law, EU law, and international human rights courts, the author supplies key insights into arbitration tribunals' decisions on the interpretation and application of these standards.