• Introduction: Thinking about Punishment, Michael Tonry


• Part I. Classical Theories


• Introduction to Part I


• 1. The Penal Law and the Law of Pardon: Immanuel Kant


• 2. Wrong [Das Unrecht]: G.W.F. Hegel


• 3. The Utilitarian Theory of Punishment: Jeremy Bentham


• 4. Principles of a Rational Penal Code: Sheldon Glueck


• 5. The Humanitarian Theory of Punishment: C.S. Lewis


• 6. Legal Values and the Rehabilitative Ideal: Francis Allen


• Part II. Retributive Theories


• Introduction to Part II


• 7. The Expressive Function of Punishment: Joel Feinberg


• 8. Marxism and Retribution: Jeffrey Murphy


• 9. A Paternalist Theory of Punishment: Herbert Morris


• 10. Punishment and the Rule of Law: T.M. Scanlon


• 11. Penance, Punishment, and the Limits of Community: R.A. Duff


• Part III. Mixed Theories


• Introduction to Part III


• 12. Prolegomenon to the Principles of Punishment: H.L.A. Hart


• 13. Proportionate Sentences: A Desert Perspective: Andrew von Hirsch


• 14. Proportionality, Parsimony, and Interchangeability of Punishments: Michael Tonry


• 15. Sentencing and Punishment in Finland: The Decline of the Repressive Ideal: Tapio Lappi-Seppälä


• 16. Limiting Retributivism: Richard Frase


• 17. Limiting Excessive Prison Sentencing: Richard Frase


• Part IV. Emotion, Intuition, Determinism, and Punishment


• Introduction to Part IV


• 18. Morality and the Retributive Emotions: J.L. Mackie


• 19. The Role of Moral Philosophers in the Competition between Deontological and Empirical Desert: Paul H. Robinson


• 20. For the Law, Neuroscience Changes Nothing and Everything: Joshua Greene and Jonathan Cohen


• Part V. Restorative Theories


• Introduction to Part V


• 21. Restoration in Youth Justice: Lode Walgrave


• 22. In Search of Restorative Jurisprudence: John Braithwaite


• 23. The Virtues of Restorative Processes, the Vices of 'Restorative Justice': Paul H. Robinson


• 24. Restorative Punishment and Punitive Restoration: R.A. Duff


• Part VI. Functionalist Theories


• Introduction to Part VI


• 25. From Slavery to Mass Incarceration: Rethinking the 'Race Question' in the US: Loïc Wacquant


• 26. Labor Market and Penal Sanction: Thoughts on the Sociology of Criminal Justice: Georg Rusche


• 27. Rules for the Distinction of the Normal from the Pathological: Emile Durkheim


• 28. The Carceral: Michel Foucault

Michael Tonry is Sonsky Professor of Law and Public Policy at the University of Minnesota Law School, and Senior Fellow at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement at Free University Amsterdam.

Why Punish? How Much? is a collection of key readings on punishment and its effects on individuals and society as a whole. In addition to both classic and contemporary writings on normative theories by philosophers and penal theorists, it includes sections on restorative justice, on how people think about punishment, and on social theories about the functions punishment performs in human societies.