Thinking Without Words provides a challenging new theory of the nature of non-linguistic thought. José Luis Bermudez offers a conceptual framework for treating human infants and non-human animals as genuine thinkers. The book is written with an interdisciplinary readership in mind and will appeal to philosophers, psychologists, and students of animal behavior.

José Luis Bermúdez is Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis.

• 1: The Problem of Thinking without Words


• 2: Two Approaches to the Nature of Thought


• 3: Minimalist Approaches to Nonlinguistic Thought


• 4: Ascribing Thoughts to Nonlinguistic Creatures: Toward and Ontology


• 5: Ascribing Thoughts to Nonlinguistic Creatures: Modes of Presentation


• 6: Rationality without Language


• 7: Practical Reasoning and Protologic


• 8: Language and Thinking about Thoughts


• 9: The Limits of Thinking without Words