Robert C. Johansen is Professor Emeritus of Political Science and Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame in the Keough School of Global Affairs and Senior Fellow at the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies.

• Contents


• Tables


• Figures


• Acknowledgments


• Introduction: Are Peace and Security Really Possible?


• Chapter 1: Understanding New Global Realities


• 1.1: War: Declining Utility


• 1.2: Non-State Actors: Rising Power


• 1.3: Non-Military Threats: Increasing Insecurity


• 1.4: National Military Competition: Growing Vulnerabilities


• 1.5: Nonviolent Campaigns: Offering Possibilities


• 1.6: The Rule of Law: Seeking Traction


• 1.7: Global Governance: Needing Nurture


• Chapter 2: Conceiving a Security-Enhancing Theory


• 2.1: Respecting Empirical Reality


• 2.2: Respecting Human Dignity


• 2.3: Expanding Peacebuilding Theory


• 2.4: Recognizing Nationalism's Help and Hindrance


• 2.5: Cosmopolitanizing Nationalism


• 2.6: Open Questions


• Chapter 3: Watching National Policies Fail


• 3.1: Misaligning Military Power and Security


• 3.2: Misaligning Economic Assets and Abolition of Poverty


• 3.3: Misaligning Economic Competition and Cooperation


• 3.4: Misaligning Environmental Assets and Environmental Needs


• 3.5: Misaligning the Power of Law and Global Security


• Chapter 4: Recognizing Structural Breakdown


• 4.1: Bringing the Tragedy of the Commons


• 4.2: Forgetting the Reciprocity of Nuremburg


• 4.3: Missing Opportunities for a "New Era"


• 4.4: Ignoring Deficiencies of the Nation-State


• 4.5: Recognizing the Desirability and Impossibility of World Government


• 4.6: Considering a New System


• 4.7: Hanging onto Diplomatic Habits


• 4.8: Considering a Global Grand Strategy


• Chapter 5: Developing a Security-Enhancing Strategy


• 5.1: Reducing Fears


• 5.2: Emphasizing Human Security


• 5.3: Respecting Reciprocity


• 5.4: Implementing Equity


• 5.5: Strengthening Legal Muscles


• 5.6: Growing Global Governance


• 5.7: Signs of Hope


• Chapter 6: Fostering System Change


• 6.1: Transcending Hyper-Independence


• 6.2: Enlarging the Security Community


• 6.3: Delivering More than National Governments


• 6.4: Disciplining Sovereignty


• 6.5: Enlivening Peace


• Chapter 7: Designing Life-Enhancing Architecture


• 7.1: Strengthening International Law


• 7.2: Expanding Global Monitoring


• 7.3: Establishing Multinational Police Enforcement


• 7.4: Beginning Global Legislative Conversations


• 7.5: Achieving Economic Well-being for the Poor


• 7.6: Improving Environmental Health


• Chapter 8: Building Human Security


• 8.1: Bolstering U.S. Democracy


• 8.2: Cosmopolitanizing National Interests


• Chapter 9: Where the Evidence Leads


• 9.1: Weighing National Security and Human Security


• 9.2: Universalizing Respect for Human Dignity


• 9.3: Finding Empowerment in Human Rights


• 9.4: Increasing Transnational Cooperation


• 9.5: Seeking Quality Peace


• 9.6: Exerting Influence for Human Security


• 9.7: "Working Toward a World Without War"


• 9.8: Realizing the Vision


• Endnotes


• Bibliography


• Index

Where the Evidence Leads develops a new theory of "empirical realism" to enable the United States to respond more effectively to rising security threats than do present policies. It shows that more US security benefits are likely to result from maximizing the "causes" or correlates of peace than from maximizing US military power, the usual recommendation of US policymakers and "political realists." Ironically, a global grand strategy for human security, with US national security folded into it, is likely to produce more security for the United States than a national security policy pursued as an end in itself. Global human security policies can achieve sustainable peace in contexts where a national grand strategy for US security often fails.