A thought-provoking reconsideration of how the revolutionary movements of the 1970s set the mold for today's activism.
The 1970s was a decade of "subversives". Faced with various progressive and revolutionary social movements, the forces of order--politicians, law enforcement, journalists, and conservative intellectuals--saw subversives everywhere. From indigenous peasant armies and gay liberation organizations, to anti-nuclear activists and Black liberation militants, subversives challenged authority, laid siege to the established order, and undermined time-honored ways of life. Every corner of the left was fertile ground for subversive elements, which the forces of order had to root out and destroy--a project they pursued with zeal and brutality.
In The Subversive Seventies, Michael Hardt sets out to show that popular understandings of the political movements of the seventies--often seen as fractious, violent, and largely unsuccessful--are not just inaccurate, but foreclose valuable lessons for the political struggles of today. While many accounts of the 1970s have been written about the regimes of domination that emerged throughout the decade, Hardt approaches the subversive from the perspectives of those who sought to undermine the base of established authority and transform the fundamental structures of society. In so doing, he provides a novel account of the theoretical and practical projects of liberation that still speak to us today, too many of which have been all but forgotten.
Departing from popular and scholarly accounts that focus on the social movements of the 1960s, Hardt argues that the 1970s offers an inspiring and useful guide for contemporary radical political thought and action. Although we can still learn much from the movements of the sixties, that decade's struggles for peace, justice, and freedom fundamentally marked the end of an era. The movements of the seventies, in contrast, responded directly to emerging neoliberal frameworks and other structures of power that continue to rule over us today. They identified and confronted political problems that remain central for us. The 1970s, in this sense, marks the beginning of our time. Looking at a wide range of movements around the globe, from the United States, to Guinea Bissau, South Korea, Chile, Turkey, and Italy, The Subversive Seventies provides a reassessment of the political action of the 1970s that sheds new light not only on our revolutionary past but also on what liberation can be and do today.

Michael Hardt teaches political theory in the Literature Program at Duke University. He is co-author, with Antonio Negri, of the Empire trilogy and, most recently, Assembly. He is co-director with Sandro Mezzadra of The Social Movements Lab.

Introduction
1. The Subversive 70s
Part I: To Remake the World From the Ground Up
2. Revolutionary Democracy
Mozambique, Angola, Guinnea-Bissau
3. Gay Liberation
United States, United Kingdom, and France
4 Liberation Theologies
Iran and Nicaragua

Part II: Popular Power
5. Two Versions of Popular Power
Chile
6. Commission Democracy
Portugal
7. Promise of Another Democracy
South Korea
Part III: Revolution Inside and Outside the Factories
8. Ungovernable Factories
United States
9. Self-Management in the Watch Factory
France

10. Laboratory Italy
Italy

Part IV: Strategic Multiplicities
11. Feminist Articulations: A Theory of Intersectionality Avant La Lettre
12. Strategic Racial Multiplicities
United States, South Africa, and United Kingdom

Part V: Encampment and Direct Action
13. New Alliances Against the State
Japan and France
14. Antinuclear Democratizations
Germany and US
Part VI: The Continuation of War by Other Means
15. The end of Mediation: A Theory of Neoliberalism Avant La Lettre
16. Theaters of Injustice
United States, Uruguay, Japan, Germany, and Italy

17. Dual Strategy and Double Organization
United States, Italy, and Turkey
Conclusion
18. The 1970s and Us
Timeline
Acknowledgements
Works Cited
Notes