This book provides an incisive, basic introduction to many-valued logics and to the constructions that are "many-valued" at their origin. Using the matrix method, the author sheds light on the profound problems of many-valuedness criteria and its classical characterizations. The book also includes information concerning the main systems of many-valued logic, related axiomatic constructions, and conceptions inspired by many-valuedness. With its selective bibliography and many useful historical references, this book provides logicians, computer scientists, philosophers, and mathematicians with a valuable survey of the subject.

• Introduction


• 1: The classical logic


• 2: The third logical value of Lukasiewicz


• 3: Logic algebras and matrices


• 4: Many-valuedness


• 5: Lukasiewicz logics


• 6: Post logics


• 7: Three-valuedness of Kleene and Bochvar


• 8: Standard properties of many-valued constructions


• 9: Probability and many-valuedness


• 10: Classical characterization of many-valued logics


• 11: Quantifiers in many-valued logic


• 12: Intuitionism and the modal logics of Lewis


• 13: Fuzzy sets and Zadeh logic


• 14: Applications and significance of the topic


• Bibliography


• Author index


• Subject index