A challenging, yet highly accessible, introduction to discrimination law which highlights the major issues and asks how the right to equality can be made more effective. This edition includes expanded material on how jurisdictions formulate grounds of discrimination with thematic analysis on topics such as racism, sexism, and LGBTQ+ rights.

Sandra Fredman is Professor of the Laws of the British Commonwealth and the USA at the University of Oxford. She is a Fellow of the British Academy, King's Council (honoris causa), and Director of the Oxford Human Rights Hub. She has published widely and has numerous peer-reviewed publications on equality, labour law, and human rights. She has been an expert advisor on equality for a variety of governments and organizations, and her framework on substantive equality has been used by apex courts in several jurisdictions, as well as by the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, UN Women and the Abidjan Principles on the Right to Education.

• 1: Equality: Concepts and Controversies


• 2: Social Context and Legal Developments: Gender, Race, and Religion


• 3: Social Context and Legal Developments: Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Disability, and Age


• 4: The Scope of Discrimination Law


• 5: Legal Concepts: Direct, Indirect Discrimination, and Beyond


• 6: Challenges and Contestations: Pregnancy and Parenting, Equal Pay, Sexual Harassment, and Duty Of Accommodation


• 7: Symmetry or Substance: Reversing Discrimination


• 8: Making Equality Effective: Refashioning Remedies