A clear, complete and systematic account of the confusion test within the European trade mark system, analysing the subject's theoretical underpinnings and providing practical guidance on the relevant case law.

• 1: Introduction: The Likelihood of Confusion


• 2: Similarity of Marks


• 3: Composite Marks


• 4: Similarity of Goods


• 5: Distinctiveness of the Marks


• 6: Assessing Likelihood of Confusion


• 7: The Timing of Confusion


• 8: Non-Traditional Marks and the Likelihood of Confusion

Ilanah Fhima is Reader in Intellectual Property Law and Co-director of the Institute of Brand and Innovation Law, Faculty of Laws, University College London.
Dev Gangjee is Professor of Intellectual Property Law, Faculty of Law, University of Oxford.