Which inequalities in longevity and health among individuals, groups, and nations are unfair? And what priority should health policy attach to narrowing them? These essays by philosophers, economists, epidemiologists, and physicians attempt to determine how health inequalities should be conceptualized, measured, ranked, and evaluated.

• Nir Eyal, Samia Hurst, Sara Marchand, Ole F. Norheim, Dan Wikler -- "Introduction: Inequalities in Health: Concepts, Measures, and Ethics"


• Part I: Defining and measuring health inequality


• 1. Larry Temkin - "Inequality and Health"


• 2. Tony Atkinson - "Health Inequality, Health Inequity and Health Spending"


• 3. Yukiko Asada - "A Summary Measure of Health Inequalities: Incorporating Group and Individual Inequalities"


• 4. Kasper Lippert Rasmussen - "When Group Measures of Health Should Matter


• 5. Erik Nord - "Priority to the Worse Off: Severity of Current and Future Illness Versus Shortfall in Life Time Health"


• 6. Gustaf Arrhenius- "Egalitarian Concerns and Population Change"


• Part II: Health Inequality and egalitarianism


• 7. Dan Hausman - "Egalitarian Critiques of Health Inequalities"


• 8. Alex Voorhoeve and Marc Fleurbaey - "Decide as You Would with Full Information! An Argument against ex ante Pareto"


• 9. Johann Frick - Uncertainty and Justifiability to Each Person


• 10. Shlomi Segall - "Equality of Opportunity For Health"


• 11. Wlodek Rabinowicz - "When in Doubt, Equalize"


• 12. Norman Daniels - "Reducing Health Disparities: No Simple Matter"


• 13. Nir Eyal - "Levelling Down Health"


• 14. Ole Norheim - "Atkinson's Measure of Inequality: Can Measures of Economic Inequality Help Us Understand Trade-Offs in Healthcare Priority Setting?"


• 15. Toby Ord And Nick Beckstead - "Rationing and Rationality: The Cost of Avoiding Discrimination"


• 16. Frances M. Kamm - Rationing and the Disabled: Several Proposals


• Part III: Health Inequality and Public Policy


• 17. Angus Deaton - "What does the Empirical Evidence on SES and Health Tell Us About Inequity and About Policy?"


• 18. Michael Marmot-Fair Society Healthy Lives


• 19. Julian Le Grand - "Individual Responsibility, Health and Health Care"


• 20. Ritu Sadana - "WHO's Social Determinants Commission - Concepts and Measures of Health Inequalities"

Nir Eyal is Associate Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine (Medical Ethics) at the Harvard Medical School, with a joint appointment at Harvard's Program in Ethics and Health. He is writing, among other things, on egalitarianism, consequentialism, health resource rationing, and ethical issues in the delivery of care in resource-poor settings.
Samia A. Hurst is Swiss National Science Foundation professor of Bioethics at Geneva University's medical school in Switzerland, and member of several ethics committees including the research Ethics Review Committee at the World Health Organization. Her research focuses on fairness in clinical practice, and the protection of vulnerable persons.
Ole F. Norheim is a physician specializing in internal medicine and professor in medical ethics, University of Bergen. He is currently heading the research project Priority Setting in Global Health. His research interests include fair resource allocation for health in high- and low-income countries, with particular emphasis on how to measure population-level impacts of priority setting decisions.
Dan Wikler, a philosopher, is Mary B. Saltonstall Professor of Ethics and Population Health at the Harvard School of Public Health. He served as the first Staff Ethicist for the World Health Organization (1999-2001) and continues to work with World Health Organization on ethical issues in global health and health research. His principal research interests are ethical dimensions of population health research and policy.