This book introduces four waves of upsurge in digital activism and cyberconflict. The rise of digital activism started in 1994, was transformed by the events of 9/11, culminated in 2011 with the Arab Spring uprisings, and entered a transformative phase of control and mainstreaming since 2013 with the Snowden affair.

Introduction: Four Phases of Digital Activism and Cyberconflict
1. The Rise of Digital Activism (1994-2007)
2. The Spread of Digital Activism (2007-2010)
3. The Fourth Phase: 2010-2014 Digital Activism Invades Mainstream Politics
4. The Future of Digital Activism and Its Study

Athina Karatzogianni is Senior Lecturer in Media and Communication at the University of Leicester, UK. She specialises on the intersections between new media theory, resistance networks and global politics, and studies the use of digital technologies by social movements, protest, and insurgency groups.