Margaret F. Reid is associate professor, graduate coordinator, and MPA Director of the Department of Political Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Her work has appeared in Public Administration Review, Women & Politics, Urban Affairs Review, State and Local Government Review, and in numerous edited works.
Brinck Kerr is associate professor of political science and coordinator of the Center for the Study of Representation at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. He is editor of American Review of Politics and his research has been published in various academic journals.
Will Miller is associate professor of political science and director of the public policy PhD program at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. His work has appeared in Public Administration Review, American Review of Public Administration, Women & Politics, State and Local Government Review, American Journal of Political Science, and elsewhere.

Tables
Acknowledgments
Preface
Representation of Women in State and Municipal Bureaucracies: Empirical and Normative Dimensions
Barriers to the Representation of Women in State and Municipal Public Bureaucracies: Theoretical Foundations and Previous Empirical Work
Data, Variables, Measures, and Method
Empirical Analysis of Glass Walls in State and Municipal Bureaucracies
Empirical Analysis of Glass Ceilings and Sex-Based Salary Disparities in State and Municipal Bureaucracies
Bureaucratic Representation of Latinas, African American Women, and White (Non-Hispanic) Women in Multiethnic U.S. Cities
Conclusion: The Interaction of Walls and Ceilings, Policy Implications, and Future Research
Appendix
References
Index

Reid, Kerr, and Miller seek to redress the lack of systematic, generalizable research on women's representation in state and municipal bureaucracies by focusing specifically on the representation of female managers in high-level policy and decision-making positions in their agencies or departments. Their primary interest is in examining the distribution of women and men in state and municipal administrative and professional positions by agency and over time (from 1987 through 1997) in order to determine if, first, agency missions are associated with glass walls and glass ceilings, and, second, whether, relative to white women, African American women and Latinas have made progress in laying claim to a greater share of managerial positions in public-sector agencies.
Their analysis reveals a richly textured and complicated set of factors and interrelationships that vary widely across different policy areas, agency contexts, and levels of government. They show continued patterns of underrepresentation in agencies with regulatory and distributive policy commitments while showing some improvements in those agencies that tend to be traditionally populated by women, health, welfare, and social services, for example.