Winner of the Tomlinson Book Prize
A Times Literary Supplement Best Book of 2016

An epic, groundbreaking account of the ethnic and state violence that followed the end of World War I-conflicts that would shape the course of the twentieth century.
For the Western Allies, November 11, 1918, has always been a solemn date-the end of fighting that had destroyed a generation, but also a vindication of a terrible sacrifice with the total collapse of the principal enemies: the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. But for much of the rest of Europe this was a day with no meaning, as a continuing, nightmarish series of conflicts engulfed country after country.
In The Vanquished, a highly original and gripping work of history, Robert Gerwarth asks us to think again about the true legacy of the First World War. In large part it was not the fighting on the Western Front that proved so ruinous to Europe's future, but the devastating aftermath, as countries on both sides of the original conflict were savaged by revolutions, pogroms, mass expulsions, and further major military clashes. In the years immediately after the armistice, millions would die across central, eastern, and southeastern Europe before the Soviet Union and a series of rickety and exhausted small new states would come into being. It was here, in the ruins of Europe, that extreme ideologies such as fascism would take shape and ultimately emerge triumphant.
As absorbing in its drama as it is unsettling in its analysis, The Vanquished is destined to transform our understanding of not just the First World War but the twentieth century as a whole.

Robert Gerwarth is professor of modern history at University College Dublin and the director of its Centre for War Studies. He is the author of The Bismarck Myth and Hitler's Hangman, a biography of Reinhard Heydrich. He has studied and taught in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France.

PART I: DEFEAT
A Train Journey in Spring
Russian Revolutions
Brest-Litovsk
The Taste of Victory
Reversals of Fortune
PART II: Revolution and Counter-Revolution
No End to War
The Russian Civil Wars
The Apparent Triumph of Democracy
Radicalization
Fear of Bolshevism and the Rise of Fascism
PART III: Imperial Collapse
Pandora's Box: Paris and the Problem of Empire
Reinventing East-Central Europe
Vae Victis
Fiume
From Smyrna to Lausanne
Epilogue: The "Post-War" and Europe's Mid-Century Crisis