ALBERT Y. ZOMAYA is the Chair Professor of High Performance Computing & Networking in the School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney. He is a Fellow of the IEEE, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Institution of Engineering and Technology, and a Distinguished Engineer of the ACM. He has authored seven books and some 400 articles in technical journals.

YOUNG CHOON LEE, PhD, is with the Centre for Distributed and High Performance Computing, School of Information Technologies, The University of Sydney.

The energy consumption issue in distributed computing systems raises various monetary, environmental and system performance concerns. Electricity consumption in the US doubled from 2000 to 2005. From a financial and environmental standpoint, reducing the consumption of electricity is important, yet these reforms must not lead to performance degradation of the computing systems. These contradicting constraints create a suite of complex problems that need to be resolved in order to lead to 'greener' distributed computing systems. This book brings together a group of outstanding researchers that investigate the different facets of green and energy efficient distributed computing.
Key features:
* One of the first books of its kind
* Features latest research findings on emerging topics by well-known scientists
* Valuable research for grad students, postdocs, and researchers
* Research will greatly feed into other technologies and application domains

PREFACE xxix
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxxi
CONTRIBUTORS xxxiii
1 POWER ALLOCATION AND TASK SCHEDULING ON MULTIPROCESSOR COMPUTERS WITH ENERGY AND TIME CONSTRAINTS 1
Keqin Li
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Preliminaries 5
1.3 Problem Analysis 10
1.4 Pre-Power-Determination Algorithms 16
1.5 Post-Power-Determination Algorithms 28
1.6 Summary and Further Research 33
References 34
2 POWER-AWARE HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING 39
Rong Ge and Kirk W. Cameron
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Background 41
2.3 Related Work 45
2.4 PowerPack: Fine-Grain Energy Profiling of HPC Applications 48
2.5 Power-Aware Speedup Model 59
2.6 Model Usages 69
2.7 Conclusion 73
References 75
3 ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HPC SYSTEMS 81
Ivan Rodero and Manish Parashar
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Background and Related Work 83
3.3 Proactive, Component-Based Power Management 88
3.4 Quantifying Energy Saving Possibilities 91
3.5 Evaluation of the Proposed Strategies 95
3.6 Results 97
3.7 Concluding Remarks 102
3.8 Summary 103
References 104
4 A STOCHASTIC FRAMEWORK FOR HIERARCHICAL SYSTEM-LEVEL POWER MANAGEMENT 109
Peng Rong and Massoud Pedram
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Related Work 111
4.3 A Hierarchical DPM Architecture 113
4.4 Modeling 114
4.5 Policy Optimization 122
4.6 Experimental Results 125
4.7 Conclusion 130
References 130
5 ENERGY-EFFICIENT RESERVATION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR GRIDS, CLOUDS, AND NETWORKS 133
Anne-Ce¿ cile Orgerie and Laurent Lefe` vre
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Related Works 134
5.3 ERIDIS: Energy-Efficient Reservation Infrastructure for Large-Scale Distributed Systems 138
5.4 EARI: Energy-Aware Reservation Infrastructure for Data Centers and Grids 147
5.5 GOC: Green Open Cloud 149
5.6 HERMES: High Level Energy-Aware Model for Bandwidth Reservation in End-To-End Networks 152
5.7 Summary 158
References 158
6 ENERGY-EFFICIENT JOB PLACEMENT ON CLUSTERS, GRIDS, AND CLOUDS 163
Damien Borgetto, Henri Casanova, Georges Da Costa, and Jean-Marc Pierson
6.1 Problem and Motivation 163
6.2 Energy-Aware Infrastructures 164
6.3 Current Resource Management Practices 167
6.4 Scientific and Technical Challenges 170
6.5 Energy-Aware Job Placement Algorithms 172
6.6 Discussion 180
6.7 Conclusion 183
References 184
7 COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS OF GREEDY ENERGY-EFFICIENT SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS FOR COMPUTATIONAL GRIDS 189
Peder Lindberg, James Leingang, Daniel Lysaker, Kashif Bilal, Samee Ullah Khan, Pascal Bouvry, Nasir Ghani, Nasro Min-Allah, and Juan Li
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Problem Formulation 191
7.3 Proposed Algorithms 193
7.4 Simulations, Results, and Discussion 203
7.5 Related Works 211
7.6 Conclusion 211
References 212
8 TOWARD ENERGY-AWARE SCHEDULING USING MACHINE LEARNING 215
Josep LL. Berral, In~ igo Goiri, Ramon Nou, Ferran Julia` , Josep O. Fitö , Jordi Guitart, Ricard Gavaldä , and Jordi Torres
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 Intelligent Self-Management 218
8.3 Introducing Power-Aware Approaches 225
8.4 Experiences of Applying ML on Power-Aware Self-Management 230
8.5 Conclusions on Intelligent Power-Aware Self-Management 238
References 240
9 ENERGY EFFICIENCY METRICS FOR DATA CENTERS 245
Javid Taheri and Albert Y. Zomaya
9.1 Introduction 245
9.2 Fundamentals of Metrics 250
9.3 Data Center Energy Efficiency 252
9.4 Available Metrics 260
9.5 Harmonizing Global Metrics for Data Center Energy Efficiency 267
References 268
10 AUTONOMIC GREEN COMPUTING IN LARGE-SCALE DATA CENTERS 271
Haoting Luo, Bithika Khargharia, Salim Hariri, and Youssif Al-Nashif
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Related Technologies and Techniques 272
10.3 Autonomic Green Computing: A Case Study 283
10.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 297
References 298
11 ENERGY AND THERMAL AWARE SCHEDULING IN DATA CENTERS 301
Gaurav Dhiman, Raid Ayoub, and Tajana S. Rosing
11.1 Introduction 301
11.2 Related Work 302
11.3 Intermachine Scheduling 305
11.4 Intramachine Scheduling 315
11.5 Evaluation 321
11.6 Conclusion 333
References 334
12 QOS-AWARE POWER MANAGEMENT IN DATA CENTERS 339
Jiayu Gong and Cheng-Zhong Xu
12.1 Introduction 339
12.2 Problem Classification 340
12.3 Energy Efficiency 344
12.4 Power Capping 351
12.5 Conclusion 353
References 356
13 ENERGY-EFFICIENT STORAGE SYSTEMS FOR DATA CENTERS 361
Sudhanva Gurumurthi and Anand Sivasubramaniam
13.1 Introduction 361
13.2 Disk Drive Operation and Disk Power 362
13.3 Disk and Storage Power Reduction Techniques 366
13.4 Using Nonvolatile Memory and Solid-State Disks 371
13.5 Conclusions 372
References 373
14 AUTONOMIC ENERGY/PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATIONS FOR MEMORY IN SERVERS 377
Bithika Khargharia and Mazin Yousif
14.1 Introduction 378
14.2 Classifications of Dynamic Power Management Techniques 380
14.3 Applications of Dynamic Power Management (DPM) 382
14.4 Autonomic Power and Performance Optimization of Memory Subsystems in Server Platforms 384
14.5 Conclusion 391
References 391
15 ROD: A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO IMPROVING RELIABILITY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT PARALLEL DISK SYSTEMS 395
Shu Yin, Xiaojun Ruan, Adam Manzanares, and Xiao Qin
15.1 Introduction 395
15.2 Modeling Reliability of Energy-Efficient Parallel Disks 396
15.3 Improving Reliability of MAID via Disk Swapping 401
15.4 Experimental Results and Evaluation 405
15.5 Related Work 411
15.6 Conclusions 412
References 413
16 EMBRACING THE MEMORY AND I/O WALLS FOR ENERGY-EFFICIENT SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING 417
Chung-Hsing Hsu and Wu-Chun Feng
16.1 Introduction 417
16.2 Background and Related Work 420
16.3 ß-Adaptation: A New DVFS Algorithm 423
16.4 Algorithm Effectiveness 429
16.5 Conclusions and Future Work 438
References 439
17 MULTIPLE FREQUENCY SELECTION IN DVFS-ENABLED PROCESSORS TO MINIMIZE ENERGY CONSUMPTION 443
Nikzad Babaii Rizvandi, Albert Y. Zomaya, Young Choon Lee, Ali Javadzadeh Boloori, and Javid Taheri
17.1 Introduction 443
17.2 Energy Efficiency in HPC Systems 444
17.3 Exploitation of Dynamic Voltage-Frequency Scaling 446
17.4 Preliminaries 448
17.5 Energy-Aware Scheduling via DVFS 450
17.6 Experimental Results 456
17.7 Conclusion 461
References 461
18 THE PARAMOUNTCY OF RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING 465
Reiner Hartenstein
18.1 Introduction 465
18.2 Why Computers are Important 466
18.3 Performance Progress Stalled 472
18.4 The Tail is Wagging the Dog (Accelerators) 488
18.5 Reconfigurable Computing 494
References 529
19 WORKLOAD CLUSTERING FOR INCREASING ENERGY SAVINGS ON EMBEDDED MPSOCS 549
Ozcan Ozturk, Mahmut Kandemir, and Sri Hari Krishna Narayanan
19.1 Introduction 549
19.2 Embedded MPSoC Architecture, Execution Model, and Related Work 550
19.3 Our Approach 551
19.4 Experimental Evaluation 560
19.5 Conclusions 564
References 565
20 ENERGY-EFFICIENT INTERNET INFRASTRUCTURE 567
Weirong Jiang and Viktor K. Prasanna
20.1 Introduction 567
20.2 SRAM-Based Pipelined IP Lookup Architectures: Alternative to TCAMs 571
20.3 Data Structure Optimization for Power Efficiency 573
20.4 Architectural Optimization to Reduce Dynamic Power Dissipation 580
20.5 Related Work 588
20.6 Summary 589
References 589
21 DEMAND RESPONSE IN THE SMART GRID: A DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING PERSPECTIVE 593
Chen Wang and Martin De Groot
21.1 Introduction 593
21.2 Demand Response 595
21.3 Demand Response as a Distributed System 600
21.4 Summary 611
References 611
22 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR DISTRIBUTED MOBILE COMPUTING 615
Jong-Kook Kim
22.1 Introduction 615
22.2 Single-Hop Energy-Constrained Environment 617
22.3 Multihop Distributed Mobile Computing Environment 635
22.4 Future Work 647
References 647
23 AN ENERGY-AWARE FRAMEWORK FOR MOBILE DATA MINING 653
Carmela Comito, Domenico Talia, and Paolo Trunfio
23.1 Introduction 653
23.2 System Architecture 654
23.3 Mobile Device Components 657
23.4 Energy Model 659
23.5 Clustering Scheme 664
23.6 Conclusion 670
References 670
24 ENERGY AWARENESS AND EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: FROM PHYSICAL DEVICES TO THE COMMUNICATION LINK 673
Flä via C. Delicato and Paulo F. Pires
24.1 Introduction 673
24.2 WSN and Power Dissipation Models 676
24.3 Strategies for Energy Optimization 683
24.4 Final Remarks 701
References 702
25 NETWORK-WIDE STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 709
Flä via C. Delicato and Paulo F. Pires
25.1 Introduction 709
25.2 Data Link Layer 711
25.3 Network Layer 719
25.4 Transport Layer 725
25.5 Application Layer 729
25.6 Final Remarks 740
References 741
26 ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN HETEROGENEOUS WIRELESS HEALTH CARE NETWORKS 751
Nima Nikzad, Priti Aghera, Piero Zappi, and Tajana S. Rosing
26.1 Introduction 751
26.2 System Model 753
26.3 Collaborative Distributed Environmental Sensing 755
26.4 Task Assignment in a Body Area Network 760
26.5 Results 771
26.6 Conclusion 784
References 785
INDEX 787