PREFATORY NOTE
INTRODUCTION
EPIGRAM by PTOLEMY
DOXOGRAPHY:
THALES
ANAXIMANDER
PYTHAGORAS
ALCMAEON
XENOPHANES
HERACLITUS
PARMENIDES
EMPEDOCLES
ANAXAGORAS
THE PYTHAGOREANS
LEUCIPPUS
DEMOCRITUS
PLATO:
The study of astronomy
The Heavenly Choir
Anaxagoras and Mind
The earth
The Myth of Er
The creation of the universe
"Time: sun, moon, and planets"
Form and movements of fixed stars
The earth and the planets
The stars animate beings: motion and names of planets
EUDOXUS (AND CALLIPPUS):
System of concentric spheres
Callippus' additions to the system
Aristotle's modification
Simplicius on
ARISTOTLE:
Motion and the prime movent
"The stars and the heaven: shape, motions, distances, and speeds: supposed "harmony"
"The earth: its position, shape, rest or motion: historical sketch"
Spherical shape of the earth
HERACLIDES OF PONTUS:
Rotation of the earth on its axis
Motion of Mercury and Venus round the sun
EUCLID:
Preface to Phaenomena
ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS:
On the sizes and distances of the sun and moon
The heliocentric system: Copernicus anticipated
ERATOSTHENES:
Measurement of the earth
ARATUS:
"Phaenomena, ll. 1-73, 91-136"
Comments of HIPPARCHUS
POSIDONIUS:
Measurement of the earth
GEMINUS:
On physics and astronomy
"The zodiac: motions therein of sun, moon, and planets"
On day and night
"Months, years, and cycles"
"Cycles of Meton, Callippus, and Hipparchus"
HIPPARCHUS:
Hipparchus' cycle
Discovery of precession of the equinoxes
PTOLEMY:
The earth does not change its position in any way whatever
Arguments against the earth's rotation
STRABO:
On the zones
"TREATISE "DE MUNDO":"
"De Mundo (from Aristotelian corpus), cc. 5-6"
CLEOMEDES:
"On a "paradoxical" eclipse of the moon"
PLUTARCH:
On the face in the moon?De facie in orbe lunae: extracts
APPENDIX:
The Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere
INDEX

Astronomy as a science began with the Ionian philosophers, with whom Greek philosophy and mathematics also began. While the Egyptians and Babylonians had accomplished much of astronomical worth, it remained for the unrivalled speculative genius of the Greeks, in particular, their mathematical genius, to lay the foundations of the true science of astronomy. In this classic study, a noted scholar discusses in lucid detail the specific advances made by the Greeks, many of whose ideas anticipated the discoveries of modern astronomy.
Pythagoras, born at Samos about 572 B.C., was probably the first to hold that the earth is spherical in shape, while his later followers anticipated Copernicus with the then-startling hypothesis that the earth was not the center of the universe but a planet like the others. Heraclides of Pontus (c. 388-315 B.C.), a pupil of Plato, declared that the apparent daily rotation of the heavenly bodies is due, not to a rotation of the heavenly sphere about an axis through the center of the earth, but to the rotation of the earth itself around its own axis. Secondly, Heraclides discovered that Venus and Mercury revolve around the sun like satellites. Perhaps the greatest astronomer of antiquity was Hipparchus, who flourished between 161 and 126 B.C. He compiled a catalog of fixed stars to the number 850 or more, made great improvements in the instruments used for astronomical observations, and discovered the precession of the equinoxes, among other accomplishments. The astronomy of Hipparchus takes its definitive form in the Syntaxis (commonly called the Almagest) of Ptolemy, written about A.D. 150, which held the field until the time of Copernicus.
The extraordinary achievements of these and many more Greek theorists are given full coverage in this erudite account, which blends exceptional clarity with a readable style to produce a work that is not only indispensable for astronomers and historians of science but easily accessible to science-minded lay readers.