Sean W. Anthony is Associate Professor of Near Eastern Languages and Cultures at Ohio State University and author of The Caliph and the Heretic: Ibn Saba and the Origins of Shiism and Crucifixion and Death as Spectacle: Umayyad Crucifixion in its Late Antique Context.

List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
The Caliphs, 632-809
Introduction: The Making of the Historical Muhammad
PART I. BEFORE THE SIRAH-MAGHAZI LITERATURE
1. The Earliest Evidence
Three Early Non-Muslim Testimonies to Muhammad
Revisiting the Doctrina Iacobi
The "Keys to Paradise" in Late Antique Religious Discourse
The "Keys to Paradise" in Early Islamic Preaching
The Doctrina Iacobi and the Historical Muhammad

2. Muhammad the Merchant
The Earliest Depictions of Muhammad as a Merchant
Muhammad's Occupation in the Hadith and Sirah-Maghazi Literature
Muhammad as a Trader in Arabic Sources
Muhammad and the Monk
The Merchants of Mecca
PART II. THE BEGINNINGS OF HTE SIRAH-MAGHAZI LITERATURE
3. The Beginnings of the Corpus
The Umayyads and the Beginnings of the Sirah-Maghazi Tradition
`Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and `Urwah ibn al-Zubayr

4. The Letters of `Urwah ibn al-Zubayr
The Chains of Transmission for `Urwah's Letters
A Translation of the Letters Attributed to `Urwah ibn al-Zubayr
Letter 1. From the Persecutions in Mecca to the Hijrah to Yathrib
Letter 2. Khadijah's death and the Prophet's marriage to `A'ishah
Letter 3. The Battle of Badr
Letter 4. On al-Hudaybiyah, a Gloss on Q. Mumtahinah 60:10-12
Letter 5. The Conquest of Mecca and al-Ta?if
Letter 6. On the Hums
Letter 7. `A'ishah's Accusers
Letter 8. On Khuwaylah, the wife of Aws ibn al-Samit, a Gloss on Q. Mujadalah 58:1-4
Letter 9. On the Prophet's Marriage to a Sister of al-Ash`ath ibn Qays

5. The Court Impulse
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri and the Umayyads
The Corpus of Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri
Ibn Ishaq and the Abbasids
The Corpus of Ibn Ishaq

PART III. LOCATING THE SIRAH-MAGHAZI LITERATURE IN LATE ANTIQUITY
6. Prophecy and Empires of Faith
Prophecy and the Rhetoric of Empire
The Vision of Heraclius
Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri's Christian Source
Translatio Imperii in the Early Sirah-Maghazi Literature

7. Muhammad and Cædmon
Cædmon's Call and The Iqra? Narrative
From Muhammad's Call to Cædmon's Call
Mechanisms of Narrative Influence
The Iqra' Narrative-Early, but not Historical
Excursus: Alternative Accounts of Muhammad's First Revelation

Epilogue: The Future of the Historical Muhammad

Bibliography
Index