A comprehensive and authoritative guide to developments in life and earth sciences since 1800.

1. Introduction Peter Bowler and John Pickstone; Part I. Workers and Places: 2. Amateurs and professionals David Allen; 3. Discovery and exploration Roy M. MacLeod; 4. Museums Mary P. Winsor; 5. Field stations and surveys Keith R. Benson; 6. Universities Jonathan Harwood; 7. Geological industries Paul Lucier; 8. Biomedical industries John P. Swan; 9. Public health Michael Warboys; Part II. Analysis and Experimentation: 10. Geology Mott T. Greene; 11. Geophysics and geochemistry David R. Oldroyd; 12. Paleontology Ronald Rainger; 13. Zoology Mario di Gregorio; 14. Botany Eugene Cittadino; 15. Anatomy, histology, and cytology Susan C. Lawrence; 16. Embryology Nick Hopwood; 17. Microbiology Olga Amsterdamska; 18. Physiology Richard L. Kramer; 19. Pathology Russell C. Maulitz; Part III. New Objects and Ideas: 20. Evolution Jonathan Hidge; 21. Genes Richard M. Burian and Doris T. Zallen; 22. Ecosystems Pascal Acot; 23. Immunology Thomas Soderquist, Craig Stillwell and Mark Jackson; 24. Cancer J. P. Gaudilliere; 25. The brain and the behavioral sciences Anne Harrington; 26. Biotechnology and genetic engineering Robert F. Bud; 27. Plate tectonics Henry Frankel; 28. Mathematical models Jeff Schank and Charles Twardy; Part IV. Science and Culture: 29. Religion and science James Moore; 30. Biology and human nature Peter Bowler; 31. Experimentation and ethics Susan E. Lederer; 32. Environmentalism Stephen A. Bocking; 33. Popular science Peter Bowler.