The Constitution as Treaty transforms the conceptualization of U.S. constitutional law by exploring the interpretive implications of viewing the U.S. Constitution as a treaty. It argues that federal courts constitute an international tribunal system, and, as such, their jurisdiction is governed by international law enabling them to exercise judicial review authority and undercutting much of the judicial activist critique. The Constitution as Treaty continues with an examination of what is international law and its major interpretive principles in order to set the stage for examining how different sources and principles of international law are intrinsically integrated into U.S. constitutional law and, thereby, are available to federal courts for deciding cases. It addresses the Charming Betsy Rule, the non-self-execution doctrine, the last-in-time rule, and the proper use of customary international law and other international law sources not mentioned in Article III. The Constitution as Treaty concludes that federal courts generally must construe the United States' international legal obligations liberally.

Introduction; Part I. United States Courts as International Courts: 1. Final judicial review authority of federal and other international courts; 2. The fallacy of federal judicial activism in light of international law's non liquet prohibition principle; Part II. International Law: 3. The positive law of nations and its interpretive principles; 4. The natural law of nations; Part III. United States Law as International Law: 5. Article III, international legal interpretation; 6. Extra-Article III, international legal interpretation; 7. The General Liberal Construction Rule: extending Lynham to other Article III and Extra-Article III international law; Conclusion.