The presentation of Europe's immediate historical past has quite dramatically changed. Conventional depictions of occupation and collaboration in World War II, of wartime resistance and post-war renewal, provided the familiar backdrop against which the chronicle of post-war Europe has mostly been told. Within these often ritualistic presentations, it was possible to conceal the fact that not only were the majority of people in Hitler's Europe not resistance fighters but millions actively co-operated with and many millions more rather easily accommodated to Nazi rule. Moreover, after the war, those who judged former collaborators were sometimes themselves former collaborators. Many people became innocent victims of retribution, while others--among them notorious war criminals--escaped punishment. Nonetheless, the process of retribution was not useless but rather a historically unique effort to purify the continent of the many sins Europeans had committed. This book sheds light on the collective amnesia that overtook European governments and peoples regarding their own responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity--an amnesia that has only recently begun to dissipate as a result of often painful searching across the continent.
In inspiring essays, a group of internationally renowned scholars unravels the moral and political choices facing European governments in the war's aftermath: how to punish the guilty, how to decide who was guilty of what, how to convert often unspeakable and conflicted war experiences and memories into serviceable, even uplifting accounts of national history. In short, these scholars explore how the drama of the immediate past was (and was not) successfully "overcome." Through their comparative and transnational emphasis, they also illuminate the division between eastern and western Europe, locating its origins both in the war and in post-war domestic and international affairs. Here, as in their discussion of collaborators' trials, the authors lay bare the roots of the many unresolved and painful memories clouding present-day Europe.
Contributors are Brad Abrams, Martin Conway, Sarah Farmer, Luc Huyse, László Karsai, Mark Mazower, and Peter Romijn, as well as the editors. Taken separately, their essays are significant contributions to the contemporary history of several European countries. Taken together, they represent an original and pathbreaking account of a formative moment in the shaping of Europe at the dawn of a new millennium.

Tony Judt Preface vii
PART I: PRELIMINARIES 1
Istvan Deik Introduction 3
Jan T. Gross Themes for a Social History of War Experience and Collaboration 15
PART II: THE EXPERIENCE OF WAR 37
Istvan Deik A Fatal Compromise? The Debate over Collaboration and Resistance in Hungary 39
Jan T. Gross A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists 74
PART III: TRIALS AND POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY 131
Martin Conway Justice in Postwar Belgium: Popular Passions and Political Realities 133
Luc Huyse The Criminal justice System As a Political Actor in Regime Transitions: The Case of Belgium, 1944-50 157
Peter Romijn "Restoration of Confidence": The Purge of Local Government in the Netherlands As a Problem of Postwar Reconstruction 173
Sarah Farmer Postwar Justice in France: Bordeaux 1953 194
Mark Mazower The Cold War and the Appropriation of Memory: Greece after Liberation 212
Laszlo Karsai The People's Courts and Revolutionary justice in Hungary, 1945-46 233
Bradley Abrams The Politics of Retribution: The Trial of Jozef Tiso in the Czechoslovak Environment 252
PART IV: EPILOGUE 291
Tony Judt The Past Is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe 293
List of Contributors 325
Index 327

Edited by István Deák, Jan T. Gross, & Tony Judt