In this book Kauppi develops a structural constructivist theory of the European Union and critically analyses, through French and Finnish empirical cases, the political practices that maintain the Union's 'democratic deficit'.
Kauppi conceptualises the European Union as both an arena for political contention and a nascent political order. In this evolving, multi-levelled European political field, individuals and groups construct material and symbolic structures of political power, grounded in a variety of social resources such as nationality, culture, and gender.
The author shows how the dominance of both executive political resources and domestic political cultures has prevented the development of European democracy. Supranational executive networks have become more autonomous, reinforcing the dominance of the resources they control. At the same time, national political cultures condition the political status of elected institutions such as the European parliament.
The book is particularly suited for undergraduate and graduate students in the fields of European Politics, European Union Studies and International Relations.

Introduction
1. Some theoretical premises of European Union research
2. A structural constructivist theory of politics and of European integration
3. French European policy
4. Social and constitutional integration in Finland and France
5. French members of the European Parliament
6. European Parliament elections in Finland and France in 1999
7. Intellectual politics and Europe
Conclusions

Niilo Kauppi is Senior Research Fellow at the Academy of Finland