Mills argues for a new critical theory that develops the insights of the black radical political tradition. While challenging conventional interpretations of key Marxist concepts and claims, the author contends that Marxism has been 'white' insofar as it has failed to recognize the centrality of race and white supremacy to the making of the modern world.

Part 1 Part One: Marxism in Theory and Practice Chapter 2 "Ideology" in Marx and Engels Revisited and Revised Chapter 3 Is It Immaterial that There's a "Material" in "Historical Materialism"? Chapter 4 Marxism, "Ideology," and Moral Objectivism Chapter 5 The Moral Epistemology of Stalinism Part 6 Part Two: Race and Clas Chapter 7 Under Class Under Standings Chapter 8 European Specters Part 9 Part Three: Critical Race Theory Chapter 10 White Supremacy as Socio-Political System Chapter 11 White Supremacy and Racial Justice Chapter 12 The "Racial Contract" as Methodology