Part I Basic principles and components

1 Introduction 1.1 History 1.1.1 17th Century 1.1.2 18th Century 1.1.3 19th Century 1.1.4 20th Century 1.2 Growth expectations 1.3 Book overview References 2 Light sources and detectors 2.1 Optical properties of light sources 2.1.1 Emission wavelength 2.1.2 Light coherence 2.1.3 Emission power 2.1.4 Light polarization 2.2 Incandescent sources 2.3 Light emitting diodes 2.4 Laser 2.4.1 Safety classes 2.5 Photodiodes, and phototransistors 2.5.1 Photodiodes 2.5.2 Phototransistors 2.6 Image sensors: CCD, and CMOS 2.6.1 Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera 2.6.2 Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera 2.6.3 Comparison References

3 Maxwell equations 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Gauss's law for electric fields 3.3 Gauss's law for magnetic fields 3.4 Faraday's law 3.5 Ampère-Maxwell law 3.6 Constitutive relations References

4 Electromagentic waves 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Electromagentic wave equation 4.2.1 Polarization 4.2.2 Poynting vector 4.3 Fresnel coefficients: reflection at an interface 4.3.1 S-polarization 4.3.2 P-polarization 4.3.3 Conservation of power 4.3.4 Brewster angle 4.4 Evanescent waves 4.5 Phase change 4-20 4.6 Reflection on a metallic interface References

5 Physical optics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Optical interference 5.2.1 Double slit 5.2.2 Thin-film interference 5.3 Optical interferometers 5.3.1 Michelson interferometer 5.3.2 Mach-Zehnder interferometer 5.3.3 Fabry-Perot interferometer References

6 Diffraction 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Babinet's principle 6.3 Huygens-Fresnel principle 6.4 Fraunhofer diffraction 6.4.1 Circular aperture 6.4.2 Multiple slits diffraction 6.4.3 Diffraction gratings 6.5 Fresnel diffraction References

7 Optical waveguides 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Design parameters 7.2 Slab waveguide 7.2.1 TE modes 7.2.2 Normalized parameters 7.2.3 TM modes 7.2.4 Optical confinement 7.3 Rectangular waveguides 7.3.1 Field shadows method 7.3.2 Normalized parameters 7.4 Optical fibers 7.4.1 Maxwell equations in cylindrical coordinates 7.4.2 Boundary conditions for optical fibers 7.4.3 Propagation modes 7.4.4 Normalized parameters References

Part II Examples of optical sensors with lab exercises

8 Laser alignment 8.1 Justification 8.2 Equipment 8.3 Safety considerations 8.4 Procedure 8.4.1 Align the laser beam to a desired axis 8.4.2 Spatial filtering and collimation 9 Schlieren imaging 9.1 Justification 9.2 Equipment 9.3 Procedure References 10 Knife-edge technique 10.1 Justification 10.2 Theory 10.3 Equipment 10.4 Procedure 10.5 Optical chopper References

11 Triangulation method 11.1 Justification 11.2 Theory 11.3 Equipment 11.4 Procedure References

12 Refractive index and attenuation coefficient 12.1 Justification 12.2 Theory 12.3 Equipment 12.4 Procedure 12.5 Attenuation 12.5.1 Procedure References

13 Polarization and Brewster angle sensor 13.1 Justification 13.2 Theory 13.3 Equipment 13.4 Procedure References

14 Michelson interferometer lab 14.1 Justification 14.2 Theory 14.2.1 Measuring refractive index of glass 14.3 Equipment 14.4 Procedure 14.4.1 Wavelength measurement 14.4.2 Measuring the refractive index of glass References

15 Fabry-Perot interfereometer lab 15.1 Justification 15.2 Theory 15.2.1 Finesse 15.2.2 Free-spectral range 15.3 Equipment 15.4 Procedure 15.4.1 Measurement of source's wavelength 15.4.2 Determination of sodium D-lines References

16 Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffraction lab 16.1 Justification 16.2 Theory 16.3 Equipment 16.4 Procedure 16.4.1 Fraunhofer diffraction single slit 16.4.2 Fraunhofer diffraction circular aperture 16.4.3 Fresnel diffraction straight edge 17 Spectrometer lab 17.1 Justification 17.2 Theory 17.3 Equipment 17.4 Procedure References

Part III Applications of optical sensors

18 Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Basic principles 18.3 Laser sources 18.3.1 Solid-state lasers 18.3.2 Fiber laser 18.3.3 Diode lasers 18.4 Scanner 18.4.1 Rotating mirrors 18.4.2 Micro-electro-mechanical systems mirrors 18.4.3 Solid-state lasers 18.4.4 Flash LiDAR 18.5 Other components 18.5.1 Control and data processing unit 18.5.2 Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) 18.5.3 Inertial measurement unit (IMU) 18.6 Applications 18.7 Challenges and future perspectives References

19 Optical biosensors 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Classification of optical sensors 19.2.1 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors 19.2.2 Fluorescence-based biosensors 19.2.3 Guided-mode biosensors 19.3 Applications of optical biosensors 19.3.1 Environmental science 19.3.2 Food industry 19.3.3 Defense and homeland security 19.3.4 Health industry 19.4 Challenges and future perspectives 19.4.1 Limitations References

Part IV Appendices

Appendix A: Vector calculus Appendix B: Fields in waveguides and optical fibers Appendix C: Useful constants

This book serves as an introductory guide to optical sensors, catering to both students and professionals seeking to learn more about this interesting field. You will discover a comprehensive overview of essential optical principles within its pages. Topics covered include Maxwell's equations, wave optics, polarization, interference, and diffraction.

The primary objective of this book is to present the key concepts and techniques used in optical sensors in a clear and accessible manner while showcasing their practical applications. Whether your interests lie in designing optical systems, conducting optical research, or simply expanding your understanding of this intriguing subject, this book establishes a strong foundation upon which you can further develop your knowledge and skills.

In addition to the comprehensive theoretical coverage, this book also incorporates a dedicated lab section. This interactive component allows readers to actively engage with the theories discussed, providing a hands-on experience and fostering a practical understanding of the subject matter.

Victor Argueta-Diaz received the B.S. degree in Telecommunication engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico in 1999. He received the M.S. degree in electrical engineering in 2002 and the Ph. D. degree in optoelectronics in 2005 from The Ohio State University, Columbus. He holds 6 patents in optical communications. Since 2013 he has been an assistant Professor of Physics and Engineering at Alma College. His current research interests are in optical microfabrication, optical biosensors and applied optics.