Preface

Chapter 1 Introduction of the fundamental part of modern physics

Chapter 2 Experimental procedure in modern physics

Chapter 3 Mystery within elementary particles

Chapter 4 Mysteries within astrophysics

Chapter 5 Application of modern physics

Chapter 6 Conclusion

Appendix-A Boltzmann energy distribution and entropy

Appendix B Energy state of hydrogen atoms

Appendix-C Measurement uncertainty

Appendix-D Energy eigenvalue in the harmonic potential

Appendix-E Expansion of a travelling wave with spherical functions

Appendix-F Optoelectrical Sisyphus cooling

Appendix-G Transition between two or three states

Modern physics is the branch of physics that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, revolutionizing our understanding of the fundamental laws governing the universe at both the smallest and largest scales. It encompasses quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear physics, particle physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. It has led to paradigm shifts, technological advances, and a deeper understanding of the physical universe. The impact of modern physics on science has been transformative. It has revolutionized our understanding of the universe, from the behaviour of subatomic particles to the nature of space and time. It has led to the development of advanced technologies, including semiconductors, lasers, and nuclear power, which have revolutionized various fields such as computing, communications, and energy production.

This book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students, introducing them to the mysteries of modern physics. Throughout this book, we minimize the derivation of equations, allowing readers to develop intuitive understandings of these concepts. By shedding light on the unsolved mysteries of modern physics, we aim to reveal how the progress of experimental technology not only solves.

Born and raised in Nagoya, Japan, Dr Kajita graduated from the Department of Applied Physics, the University of Tokyo in 1981 and obtained his Ph. D. from Department of Physics, the University of Tokyo in 1986. After working at the Institute for Molecular Science, he joined Communications Research Laboratory (CRL) in 1989. In 2004, the CRL was renamed the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT). In 2009, he was guest professor at the Provence University, Marseille, France. In 2023, he retired from NICT and became the guest researcher in the University of Tokyo.