The violent and hyper strain of masculinity in modern America is rooted in historical memory, as John Pettegrew demonstrates in this sharply critical study of the cultural construction of sexual difference and the male instinct for aggressiveness. Broadly gauged and deeply researched institutional histories of social science, popular literature, college football, military culture, and the law divulge a master de-evolutionary impulse of projecting brutishness into the distant human and animal past where late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century men could embrace it as the predominant natural trait of manhood.

"[A] vivid, massively researched history of 'hyper-masculine' sensibility at the turn of the twentieth century . . . An instructive and provocative view of men's dark side."--Men and Masculinities

"This fascinating and ambitious study explores how an aggressive 'de-evolutionary' model of masculinity was woven into a broad range of American institutions . . . Pettegrew brings together feminist theory, 'an anthropological ironist perspective' and a wealth of gender studies scholarship to investigate the development of a pervasive mindset of brutish masculinity within a rich selection of archival and popular cultural materials."--Gender and History

"Pettegrew's book remains rigorous and passionate in its narration of the historic appeal as well as the immediate dangers of de-evolutionary masculinity."--American Historical Review

"Pettegrew demonstrates how . . . Americans projected preexisting gender biases onto the behavior of animals and 'primitive' peoples, thereby rationalizing the aggressive, and often violent, actions of modern-day European-American men as the 'natural' expression of their 'animalistic' core."--Journal of American History

John Pettegrew is an associate professor of history and director of the American Studies Program at Lehigh University and coeditor of the three-volume Public Women, Public Words: A Documentary History of American Feminism.