Tracy A. Prout, PhD is Associate Professor of Psychology at the Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology where she teaches psychodynamic psychotherapy with an emphasis on psychotherapy integration. She is a licensed psychologist and has a clinical practice in Beacon, NY where she sees children, adolescents, and adults.

SECTION 1: Building the Foundation

Chapter 1: Introduction to Counseling and Interviewing

• Learning Objectives


• What is Counseling?
  
  
  
  • Evolution and Professionalization of Counseling
  
  
  • Career Options
    
    
    
    • Mental Health Counseling and Marriage and Family Therapy
    
    
    • Clinical and Counseling Psychology
    
    
    • Social Work
    
    
    • Creative Arts Therapies
    
    
    • Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse Practitioner
    
    
    • Pastoral Counseling
    
    
    
    
  • The Clinical Interview
    
    
    
    • Why Do We Interview?
    
    
    • How Do We Interview?
    
    
    
    
  • Becoming a Counseling Professional
    
    
    
    • Mistakes
    
    
    • Managed Care
    
    
    • Integrating Theory and Research Into Practice
    
    
    • Know Thyself
    
    
    
    
  • Chapter Review
  
  
  • Quiz Yourself
  
  
  • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
  
  
  • Keywords
  
  
  • Further Readings
  
  
  • References
  
  

  Chapter 2: Interviewing and Counseling Skills - Doing Our Best - Ethics & Professional Responsibility

  
  
  • Learning Objectives
  
  
  • Understanding Ethics
    
    
    
    • Guiding Principles
      
      
      
      • Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
      
      
      • Fidelity and Responsibility
      
      
      • Integrity and Veracity
      
      
      • Justice
      
      
      • Hot off the Press
      
      
      • Respect for People 's Rights, Dignity, and Autonomy
      
      
      
      
    • The Ethics Code & Professional Standards
      
      
      
      • The APA Ethics Code
      
      
      • The ACA Ethics Code
      
      
      
      
    • Confidentiality and Its Limits
      
      
      
      • Safety of Patient and Others
      
      
      • Court Requests
      
      
      • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA)
      
      
      • Special Cases
        
        
        
        • Working with Children and Adolescents
        
        
        • Working with Adults Under Guardianship
        
        
        
        
      • Dual Relationships
        
        
        
        • Definitions and Examples
        
        
        • Avoiding Exploitative Multiple Relationships
        
        
        
        
      • Making Ethical Decisions
        
        
        
        • Virtue Ethics
        
        
        • The Philosophical Approach to Decision Making
        
        
        • Practice-Based Decision Making
        
        
        
        
      • Considering Specific Ethical Dilemmas
        
        
        
        • Ethical Dilemma
        
        
        
        
      • Chapter Review
      
      
      • Quiz Yourself
      
      
      • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
      
      
      • Keywords
      
      
      • Further Reading
      
      
      • References
      
      

      Chapter 3: Understanding Your Clients: Case Conceptualization and Selection of Counseling Interventions

      
      
      • Learning Objectives
      
      
      • Introduction
      
      
      • Psychodynamic Theory
        
        
        
        • A Brief Overview of Historical Influences
        
        
        • Basic Tenets of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
        
        
        • Case Formulation from a Psychodynamic Perspective
        
        
        
        
      • Selection of Counseling Interventions
        
        
        
        • Transference Focused Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality
        
        
        • Mentalization-Based Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder
        
        
        • Empirically Supported Psychodynamic Treatments for Panic & Depression
        
        
        
        
      • Cognitive Behavioral Theory
        
        
        
        • Overview of CBT
          
          
          
          • The Interconnectedness of Emotions, Thoughts, and Behavior
          
          
          
          
        • Historical Influences
          
          
          
          • Behaviorism
          
          
          • Classical Conditioning from the Subject 's Perspective
          
          
          • Cognitive Theories of Psychological Problems
            
            
            
            • Albert Ellis: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
            
            
            • Aaron Beck: The Negative Cognitive Triad
            
            
            
            
          • Cognitive-Behavioral Case Formulation
          
          
          • Selection of Counseling Interventions
            
            
            
            • Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders
            
            
            • Cognitive Restructuring for Depression
            
            
            • Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder
            
            
            
            
          • Integrating Other Perspectives
            
            
            
            • Humanistic and Existential Psychology
            
            
            • Family Systems
            
            
            • Biological Approaches
            
            
            
            
          • Integrating of Perspectives
            
            
            
            • Hot off the Press
            
            
            
            
          • An Integrated Case Formulation Example
            
            
            
            • Psychodynamic Case Formulation
            
            
            • Cognitive Behavioral Formulation
            
            
            • Other Components
            
            
            • An Integrated Treatment Approach
            
            
            
            
          • Conclusion
          
          
          • Chapter Review
          
          
          • Quiz Yourself
          
          
          • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
          
          
          • Keywords
          
          
          • Further Reading
          
          
          • References
          
          

          Chapter 4: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Introduction to Issues of Diversity

          
          
          • Learning Objectives
          
          
          • Introduction: Interviewing and Counseling from a Multicultural Perspective
          
          
          • Types of Diversity
            
            
            
            • Race, Ethnicity, Country of Origin, Language
            
            
            • Acculturation
              
              
              
              • Immigration
              
              
              
              
            • Sexual Orientation
            
            
            • Issues of Gender and Gender Identity
            
            
            • Religion and Spirituality in Context
            
            
            • Physical and Cognitive Abilities
            
            
            • Social Class and Socioeconomic Status-Crossing the Divide
              
              
              
              • Intersectionality
              
              
              
              
            • Knowing Yourself
              
              
              
              • Working with Clients Who Share Your Cultural Background
              
              
              • Potential Challenges to Helping
              
              
              
              
            • The Client As Expert
            
            
            • Developing Cross Cultural Competence
              
              
              
              • Experiences in Community
              
              
              • Continuing Education
              
              
              
              
            • Chapter Review
            
            
            • Quiz Yourself
            
            
            • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
            
            
            • Keywords
            
            
            • Further Reading
              
              
              
              • Race
              
              
              • Language/Immigration
              
              
              • Disability
              
              
              • Sexual Orientation and Gender Issues
              
              
              • Religion
              
              
              • Class Issues
              
              
              
              
            • Appendix
            
            
            • References
            
            

            SECTION 2: Getting Started - Interviewing and Developing a Relationship

            Chapter 5: Interviewing and Counseling Skills - Beginnings: The Initial Interview

            
            
            • Learning Objectives
            
            
            • The Office - Physical and Virtual Spaces
            
            
            • Safety
            
            
            • First Impressions & Professionalism
            
            
            • Preparing Yourself For Clinical Work
            
            
            • Self-Care
              
              
              
              • Building Healthy Relationships
              
              
              • Therapy for the Therapist
              
              
              
              
            • Opening Communication
              
              
              
              • How To Begin
              
              
              • Greetings and Initial Contact
              
              
              
              
            • Clinical Interviews
              
              
              
              • Confidentiality
              
              
              • Facilitative Interpersonal Skills for Counselors
              
              
              • Balancing Client Autonomy and Responsibility to Society
              
              
              • Documentation
              
              
              
              
            • Chapter Review
            
            
            • Quiz Yourself
            
            
            • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
            
            
            • Keywords
            
            
            • Further Reading
            
            
            • References
            
            

            Chapter 6: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Modes of Listening

            
            
            • Learning Objectives
            
            
            • Introduction
            
            
            • A Different Type of Listening
              
              
              
              • A Different Type of Relationship
              
              
              • Active Listening
              
              
              • Paying Attention
              
              
              
              
            • Reflective Listening
              
              
              
              • Mirroring Affect
              
              
              • Following the Client 's Words
              
              
              • Avoiding Digression
              
              
              • Listening for Themes
              
              
              • Listening for Cues
              
              
              • Getting the Whole Picture
              
              
              
              
            • Four Listening Responses
              
              
              
              • Clarification
              
              
              • Paraphrase
              
              
              • Reflection
              
              
              • Summarization
              
              
              
              
            • Nonverbal Communication
              
              
              
              • Body Language
              
              
              • Eye Contact
              
              
              • What to Avoid
              
              
              
              
            • The Use of Interpreters and Translators
            
            
            • Avoiding Burnout
            
            
            • Chapter Review
            
            
            • Quiz Yourself
            
            
            • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
            
            
            • Keywords
            
            
            • Further Reading
            
            
            • References
            
            

            Chapter 7: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Empathy and the Therapeutic Alliance

            
            
            • Learning Objectives
              
              
              
              • Defining the Therapeutic Relationship
                
                
                
                • The Frame
                
                
                • Listening and Attending to Clients
                
                
                
                
              • Zooming Out: The Spectrum of Therapeutic Interventions
              
              
              • Zooming in on Empathy
              
              
              • Developing Empathy
              
              
              • The Therapeutic Alliance
                
                
                
                • How to Build Therapeutic Alliance
                
                
                
                
              • Ruptures and Repair of the Therapeutic Alliance
              
              
              • The Value of Therapeutic Ruptures
              
              
              • Chapter Review
              
              
              • Quiz Yourself
              
              
              • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
              
              
              • Keywords
              
              
              • Further Reading
              
              
              • References
              
              

              SECTION 3: Connecting and Promoting Change

              Chapter 8: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Assessment, Case Formulation, & Treatment Planning

              
              
              • Learning Objectives
              
              
              • Introduction
              
              
              • Assessment
                
                
                
                • Testing
                
                
                • Behavioral Assessment
                
                
                • Collateral Data
                
                
                
                
              • Diagnosis
                
                
                
                • Overview of DSM-5 Diagnosis
                
                
                • DSM-5 Cultural Formulation
                
                
                • Advantages and Disadvantages to Classification
                
                
                • Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
                
                
                
                
              • Treatment Plans
                
                
                
                • Communicating with Clients about Treatment Recommendations
                
                
                • Careful Communication
                
                
                
                
              • Goal Setting
                
                
                
                • Continuous Goal Assessment
                
                
                • Who's Driving the Bus?
                
                
                
                
              • Wellness and Prevention Approaches
                
                
                
                • An Evidence-Based Model of Wellness
                
                
                • Specific Wellness Practices
                
                
                • Helping Groups Avoid Psychological, Educational, and Health Problems
                
                
                • Hot off the Press
                
                
                
                
              • Chapter Review
              
              
              • Quiz Yourself
              
              
              • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
              
              
              • Keywords
              
              
              • Further Reading
              
              
              • References
              
              

              Chapter 9: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: The Nature of the Counseling Relationship

              
              
              • Learning Objectives
              
              
              • Introduction
              
              
              • Transference
                
                
                
                • History of Transference: Freud to Contemporary Neuroscience
                
                
                • Adler 's Perspective on Transference
                
                
                • Transference Within Other Therapeutic Frameworks
                
                
                
                
              • Countertransference
                
                
                
                • Countertransference in Action: Distortion to Aversion
                
                
                • Managing Transference and Countertransference
                
                
                • The Interplay of Transference and Countertransference Dynamics
                
                
                • The Real Relationship
                
                
                • Power Dynamics
                
                
                
                
              • Evaluating the Process in Supervision
              
              
              • The Ethics of Self-Disclosure
              
              
              • Chapter Review
              
              
              • Quiz Yourself
              
              
              • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
              
              
              • Keywords
              
              
              • Further Reading
              
              
              • References
              
              

              Chapter 10: Interviewing and Counseling Skills - Promoting Change: Counseling Skills that Address Thoughts & Behaviors

              
              
              • Learning Objectives
              
              
              • Addressing Ambivalence
                
                
                
                • The Transtheoretical Model of Change
                  
                  
                  
                  • Assessing Readiness to Change
                  
                  
                  • Matching Counseling Approaches to the Client 's Stage of Change
                  
                  
                  
                  
                • Cognitive Techniques
                  
                  
                  
                  • Increasing Self-Efficacy
                    
                    
                    
                    • Social Learning Theory
                    
                    
                    • The Integrated Behavioral Model
                    
                    
                    
                    
                  • Increasing cognitive dissonance
                    
                    
                    
                    • Motivational Interviewing
                    
                    
                    
                    
                  • Behavioral Techniques
                    
                    
                    
                    • Operant Principles
                      
                      
                      
                      • Behavioral Activation for Depression
                      
                      
                      
                      
                    • Psychodynamic Techniques
                      
                      
                      
                      • How Do Thoughts and Behaviors Change in Psychodynamic Psychotherapy?
                        
                        
                        
                        • Managing Stress and Intrapsychic Conflict
                        
                        
                        
                        
                      • Integrative Approaches
                        
                        
                        
                        • Dialectical Behavior Therapy
                        
                        
                        • Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
                        
                        
                        
                        
                      • Chapter Review
                      
                      
                      • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
                      
                      
                      • Keywords
                      
                      
                      • Further Reading
                      
                      
                      • References
                      
                      

                      Chapter 11: Interviewing and Counseling Skills - Promoting Change: Counseling Skills That Address Emotions and Relationships

                      
                      
                      • Learning Objectives
                      
                      
                      • Identifying and Understanding Emotions
                        
                        
                        
                        • Metacognition and Meta-Emotion
                        
                        
                        • Assessing Metacognition
                        
                        
                        • Nonverbal Expression of Emotions
                        
                        
                        • Working with Emotions
                          
                          
                          
                          • Enhancing Awareness
                          
                          
                          • Emotion Regulation
                          
                          
                          • Promoting Adaptive Emotion Regulation
                          
                          
                          
                          
                        • Emotional Awareness and Regulation
                          
                          
                          
                          • Transforming Emotion
                          
                          
                          • Working with Your Own Emotions
                            
                            
                            
                            • Social Awareness
                            
                            
                            • Relationship Management Skills
                            
                            
                            • Deliberate Practice as a Tool for Working with Emotions
                            
                            
                            
                            
                          • Understanding Systems - Clients in Context
                            
                            
                            
                            • Relational Dynamics
                              
                              
                              
                              • Double Binds
                              
                              
                              • Triangulation
                              
                              
                              • Homeostasis
                              
                              
                              
                              
                            • Change Within A System
                            
                            
                            • Ambivalence & Conflict
                            
                            
                            • Chapter Review
                            
                            
                            • Quiz Yourself
                            
                            
                            • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
                            
                            
                            • Keywords
                            
                            
                            • Further Reading
                            
                            
                            • References
                            
                            

                            SECTION 4: Endings and Professional Issues

                            Chapter 12: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Endings

                            
                            
                            • Learning Objectives
                            
                            
                            • Termination Issues
                              
                              
                              
                              • When to End Treatment
                                
                                
                                
                                • Symptom Relief
                                
                                
                                • Sustained Remission and Mastery
                                
                                
                                • Emotional Functioning
                                
                                
                                • Goals Have Been Met
                                
                                
                                • What to Expect
                                
                                
                                
                                
                              • Types of Termination
                                
                                
                                
                                • Therapist-Initiated Premature Termination
                                
                                
                                • Guidelines for Therapist-Initiated Premature Termination
                                
                                
                                
                                
                              • Issues of Post-Termination Contact
                              
                              
                              • Time-Limited Treatments
                              
                              
                              • Chapter Review
                              
                              
                              • Quiz Yourself
                              
                              
                              • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
                              
                              
                              • Keywords
                              
                              
                              • Further Reading
                              
                              
                              • References
                              
                              

                              Chapter 13: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Varieties of Counseling Situations

                              
                              
                              • Learning Objectives
                                
                                
                                
                                • Introduction
                                
                                
                                
                                
                              • Group Counseling
                                
                                
                                
                                • Types of therapy groups
                                  
                                  
                                  
                                  • Process Groups
                                  
                                  
                                  • Support Groups
                                  
                                  
                                  • Psycho-educational Groups
                                  
                                  
                                  • Skills training Groups
                                  
                                  
                                  
                                  
                                • Yalom's Therapeutic Factors
                                
                                
                                • Working in Schools
                                  
                                  
                                  
                                  • Working with Children
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    • Personal and Social Development of Students
                                    
                                    
                                    • Career Development with Students
                                    
                                    
                                    • Academic Achievement of Students
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                  • Communication with Staff and Parents
                                  
                                  
                                  • Marriage and Family Counseling
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    • Family Systems Theory
                                    
                                    
                                    • Structural Family Therapy
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                  • Career Counseling
                                    
                                    
                                    
                                    • Aptitude, Interest, and Skills Assessment and Career Matching
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      • John Holland 's RIASEC Theory
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                    • Career Development
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      • Donald Super 's Life-Career Rainbow
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                    • Career Change
                                    
                                    
                                    • Forensic Settings
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      • Forensic Assessment
                                      
                                      
                                      • Forensic Interventions
                                      
                                      
                                      • Marriage and Family Conflicts in the Legal System
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                    • Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      • Assessing Risk for Suicide
                                      
                                      
                                      • Thinking About Suicide
                                      
                                      
                                      • Therapeutic Interventions
                                      
                                      
                                      • Referral to Treatment
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                    • Chapter Review
                                    
                                    
                                    • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
                                    
                                    
                                    • Quiz Yourself
                                    
                                    
                                    • Keywords
                                    
                                    
                                    • Further Reading
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      • About Group Counseling
                                      
                                      
                                      • About School Counseling
                                      
                                      
                                      • About Marriage and Family Counseling
                                      
                                      
                                      • About Career Counseling
                                      
                                      
                                      • About Counseling in Forensic Settings
                                      
                                      
                                      • About Suicide Assessment and Prevention
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                    • References
                                    
                                    

                                    Chapter 14: Interviewing & Counseling Skills -- Using Counseling Skills That Work

                                    
                                    
                                    • Learning Objectives
                                    
                                    
                                    • Understanding Empirical Research
                                      
                                      
                                      
                                      • Empirically Supported Treatments
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        • Understanding Methodology
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        • Empirically Supported Treatments
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        • Understanding Methodology
                                        
                                        
                                        • Evidence-Based Practice
                                        
                                        
                                        • Practice-Based Evidence
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        
                                        • Developing a Style
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          • Finding the Theories That Fit
                                          
                                          
                                          • Integrative or Eclectic?
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                        • Maintaining Current Knowledge
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          • Continuing Education
                                          
                                          
                                          • Being a Savvy Consumer of Research
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            • Critical Thinking
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                          • Chapter Review
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
                                          
                                          
                                          • Keywords
                                          
                                          
                                          • Further Reading
                                          
                                          
                                          • References
                                          
                                          
                                          
                                          

                                          Chapter 15: Interviewing and Counseling Skills: Theoretical Integration of Approaches in Counseling

                                          
                                          
                                          • Learning Objectives
                                          
                                          
                                          • Introduction
                                          
                                          
                                          • Integration and Eclecticism
                                          
                                          
                                          • Routes to Integration
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            • Technical Eclecticism
                                            
                                            
                                            • Theoretical Integration
                                            
                                            
                                            • Assimilative Integration
                                            
                                            
                                            • Common Factors
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                          • Integration Across Domains of Engagement
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            • Emotional
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              • Building the Capacity for Affect Regulation and Reflective Functioning
                                              
                                              
                                              • Providing a Corrective Emotional Experience
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                            • Cognitive
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              • Shaping the Client 's Expectations
                                              
                                              
                                              • Attending to the Client 's Values
                                              
                                              
                                              • Working with the Client 's Schemas and Beliefs
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                            • Behavioral
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              • Facilitating Exposure
                                              
                                              
                                              • Suggesting Intersession Experiences and Homework
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                            • Challenges of Integrating Multiple Perspectives
                                            
                                            
                                            • Outcome Research on Integration
                                            
                                            
                                            • Integrative Treatments
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              • Emotion-Focused Therapy for Depression and for Couples
                                              
                                              
                                              • Schema Therapy for BPD
                                              
                                              
                                              • Systematic Treatment Selection for General Outpatient Populations
                                              
                                              
                                              • Where Do I Go from Here?
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                              
                                            • Chapter Summary
                                            
                                            
                                            • Quiz Yourself
                                            
                                            
                                            • Personal Reflection Essay Questions
                                            
                                            
                                            • Keywords
                                            
                                            
                                            • Further Reading
                                            
                                            
                                            • References
                                            
                                            
                                            
                                            

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