Validity is a clear, substantive introduction to the two most fundamental aspects of defensible testing practice: understanding test score meaning and justifying test score use.

Gregory J. Cizek is Guy B. Phillips Distinguished Professor of Educational Measurement and Evaluation at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.

1. Introduction 2. Validity: The Consensus 3. Validity and the Controversy of Consequences 4. A Comprehensive Framework for Defensible Testing - Part I: Validating the Intended Meaning of Test Scores 5. A Comprehensive Framework for Defensible Testing - Part II: Justifying the Intended Uses of Test Scores 6. How Much Is Enough? 7. Conclusions and Future Directions References