This book outlines the complexity in understanding different forms of cyber-attacks, the actors involved, and their motivations. It explores key challenges in investigating and prosecuting politically motivated cyber-attacks, the lack of consistency in regulatory frameworks, and the grey zone this creates for cybercriminals to operate in.

Tine Munk is a senior lecturer in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department at Nottingham Trent University, UK. Tine is predominately teaching and researching cybercrime and cybersecurity. Her overarching research interest is cybercrimes in a political context focusing on these crimes' power, responses, and impacts.

1. Introduction 2. The Growing Online Threat. The Actors 3. Cyber Attacks, Means and Methods 4. Cybersecurity and Strategies 5. Cyberwar and Warfare: State and State-sponsored Attacks 6. Cyberterrorism and Ransomware: State-supported Groups 7. Other Politically Motivated Attacks: Political Activists and Hacktivists 8. Conclusion