Tine Munk is a Senior Lecturer in the Criminology and Criminal Justice Department at Nottingham Trent University, UK. Tine predominantly teaches and researches cybercrime and cybersecurity. Her overarching research interest is cybercrimes in a political context, focusing on these crimes' power, responses, and impacts.

analyses memetic warfare, included in cyber war and aims to develop a framework for understanding the parameters included in utilising this concept in Ukraine as a part of civic resistance.

Chapter 1. Introduction

Chapter 2. Tensions and False Justifications: Escalation of Events

Chapter 3. War and Warfare: The Online Environment as a Facilitator for War

Chapter 4. Memetic War: Resistance and Actors

Chapter 5. Memetic Warfare: Communication as a Weapon

Chapter 6. Concluding Remarks - Strategic Considerations