Based on papers discussed at a "series of workshops to discuss and explore these ideas and to develop our thinking further. The first such workshop took place at Tillar House, ASIL's headquarters in Washington, DC, on June 19 and 20, 2017. We met again in Oslo on June 11 and 12, 2018, at the offices of PluriCourts, the Centre for the Study of the Legitimate Roles of the Judiciary in the Global Order, and the Center of Excellence at the Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law, the University of Oslo".

1. Beyond fragmentation: cross-fertilization, cooperation and competition among international courts and tribunals Chiara Giorgetti and Mark Pollack; 2. The procedural cross fertilization pull Hélène Ruiz Fabri and Joshua Paine; 3. Procedural convergence in international courts and tribunals John Crook; 4. New media evidence across international courts and tribunals Rebecca Hamilton; 5. The acquis judiciaire, a new formula for cohesion of law in a decentralized litigation system? ¿ A case study in the law of the sea Alina Miron; 6. Why cite external legal sources? Theory and evidence from the European court of human rights Erik Voeten; 7. Of gardeners and bees: Theorizing the actors of cross-fertilization Chiara Giorgetti and Mark Pollack; 8. The PCA as an epicentre of cross-fertilization Fedelma Smith; 9. Abusive forum shopping or strategic forum choice? Freya Baetens.