"The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) describes the technological transformations that are incrementally, but radically, changing everyday life practices. This Element identifies key 4IR issues and outlines how they relate to applied linguistic research"--

1. The 4th Industrial Revolution: An Introduction; 2. The Human-Machine Interface: Emergent Technologies in Everyday Life; 3. Digital Economies: From Gig Work to Cryptocurrencies; 4. Communicating Threats: Security Breaches, Language Injustices, Civil Subjugation, and Other Dangers; 5. Systems of Power: Regulating Information and Communication; 6. Conclusion: The Role of Applied Linguistics.