This volume offers insights into the role of private supplementary tutoring in the Middle East, and its far-reaching implications for social structures and mainstream education. It will be of considerable interest to academics and education policy makers broadly concerned with changing roles of the state and private sectors in education.

Mark Bray is Distinguished Chair Professor and Director of the Centre for International Research in Supplementary Tutoring (CIRIST) in the Faculty of Education at East China Normal University, Shanghai. He is also Emeritus Professor holding the UNESCO Chair in Comparative Education at the University of Hong Kong. He has written extensively on shadow education in many settings across the world.

Anas Hajar is Associate Professor of Multilingual Education, and the PhD Programme Director, in the Faculty of Education at Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan. He is particularly interested in motivational issues in language learning and in intercultural engagement. He also works in the areas of shadow education, internationalisation, education abroad, and language learning strategies.

1. Introduction 2. Global Perspectives on Shadow Education 3. Middle East Contexts 4. Scale and Nature of Private Shadow Education 5. Educational and Social Impact 6. Policy Implications 7. Conclusions