Critically examines the human rights activities of the Council of Europe and the European Union at a time of uncertainty and change.

Steven Greer is Professor of Human Rights at the University of Bristol Law School.

Preface; 1. Historical and conceptual background; 2. The Council of Europe; 3. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights; 4. The European Union; 5. The fundamental rights jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice; 6. Summary and conclusion.