A clear, critical analysis of proof of causation in the law of tort in England, France and Germany.

Sandy Steel is an Associate Professor of Law at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. He was previously a Lecturer in Law at King's College London. His work has been cited by the High Court of Australia. In 2013, he was a Visiting Fellow at the Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster. His other books include Great Debates in Jurisprudence (co-authored with Nick McBride, 2014) and The Structure of Tort Law (a translation of Nils Jansen's Die Struktur des Haftungsrechts, forthcoming).

Preface; Table of cases; Introduction; 1. Causal concepts and causal questions in tort law; 2. General proof of causation rules; 3. Justifying proof of causation; 4. Defendant indeterminacy: full liability and proportional liability; 5. Full liability beyond defendant indeterminacy; 6. Probabilistic liability; Conclusion.