Jacques Bertrand is Professor and Associate Chair of Political Science at the University of Toronto.

1. Introduction; 2. Nationalist conflict in democratic contexts; 3. Aceh: from violent insurgency to broad-based autonomy; 4. Papua: failed autonomy and divided they stand; 5. Moros of Mindanao: the long and treacherous path to 'Bangsamoro' autonomy; 6. 'Exit and reframe': from Cordillera 'nation' to 'indigenous peoples'; 7. Malay Muslims in Thailand; 8. Conclusion.