By appraising controversial inferences from prehistorians and other scientists, the book addresses the fascinating question of whether Neanderthals had language.

Rudolf Botha is Emeritus Professor of General Linguistics, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, and a former Honorary Professor of Linguistics at Utrecht University. Previous works include Language Evolution: The Windows Approach (Cambridge, 2016).

Part I. Preliminaries: 1. Pursuing an intriguing but murky matter; 2. Telltale Neanderthal teeth; Part II. Symbolic behaviours: 3. Making and wearing personal ornaments; 4. Producing cave art; 5. Beautifying bodies; 6. Burying the dead; 7. Leaping to language; Part III. Non-symbolic behaviours: 8. Making stone tools; 9. Teaching stone-tool making; 10. Hunting big game; Part IV. Implications: 11. Dispersing the murk; Notes; References; Index.