Introduction: apprenticeship in early modern Europe Maarten Prak and Patrick Wallis; 1. The economics of apprenticeship Joel Mokyr; 2. Apprenticeship in early modern Madrid Victoria López Barahona and José Nieto Sanchez; 3. A large 'umbrella': patterns of apprenticeship in eighteenth-century Turin Beatrice Zucca Micheletto; 4. Apprenticeship in early modern Venice Anna Bellavitis, Riccardo Cella and Giovanni Colavizza; 5. Actors and practices of German apprenticeship, fifteenth-nineteenth centuries Georg Stöger and Reinhold Reith; 6. Rural artisans' apprenticeship practices in early modern Finland (1700-1850) Merja Uotila; 7. Apprenticeships with and without guilds: the Northern Netherlands Ruben Schalk; 8. Apprenticeship in the Southern Netherlands, c.1400-c.1800 Bert De Munck, Raoul De Kerf and Annelies De Bie; 9. Apprenticeship in England Patrick Wallis; 10. Surviving the end of the guilds: apprenticeship in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century France Clare Crowston and Claire Lemercier; Conclusion: European apprenticeship Maarten Prak and Patrick Wallis.