Herbert S. Klein is Gouverneur Morris Professor Emeritus of History at Columbia University, the former director of the Center of Latin American Studies and Professor of History, Stanford University and is currently Research Fellow and Latin American Curator at the Hoover Archives. Specializing in the social, demographic, and economic history of Latin America, he has published over 30 books and 189 articles in several languages. Among these books are four comparative studies of slavery, as well as several on Bolivia, including Parties and Political Change in Bolivia, 1880-1952, and Haciendas and Ayllus.

1. Geography and pre-Colombian civilization; 2. The creation of a colonial society; 3. Late colonial society: Crisis and growth; 4. Revolution and the creation of a nation-state, 1809-1841; 5. The crisis of the state, 1841-1880; 6. The ages of silver and tin, 1880-1932; 7. Disintegration of the established order, 1932-1952; 8. From the national revolution to the Cold War, 1952-1982; 9. Creating a multiethnic democracy, 1982-2002; 10. The emergence of a mestizo and indigenous elite; Political chronology; Tables; Bibliography; Index.

"Bolivian society evolved in a highly complex and unusual environment. Although situated in tropical latitudes, it was in fact an unusual high altitude society only comparable to those few similar societies found in the Himalayas. From the earliest human settlement to the present day, a good part of its people have lived at altitudes over five thousand feet above sea level, with the majority of the population and its most advanced cultures being found at twelve thousand feet or above. While not a totally prohibitive environment, the highlands have poorer soils and much colder and drier climates, and face constraints that do not hinder the lowlands. This ecology required the domestication of plants and animals unique to the highlands and even had a dramatic impact on human physiology, as highland populations were forced to adapt to the limited supply of oxygen and quite different degrees of air pressure. Although some two-thirds of Bolivia's territory consists of tropical and semitropical lowlands, from the Pacific coast deserts of the Atacama region (until this past century) in the west, to the vast stretches of eastern lowlands and flood plains forming parts of the Amazonian and Pilcomayo river basins in the east, humanity has been concentrated in the highlands from remotest times until today. But the highlands and their associated intramountain valleys (see Map 1-1) formed but a small part of the total Bolivian landscape"--