Traditionally, performance metrics and data have been used to hold organizations accountable. But public service provision is not merely hierarchical anymore. Increasingly, we see partnerships among government agencies, private or nonprofit organizations, and civil society groups. Such collaborations may also use goals, measures, and data to manage group efforts, however, the application of performance practices here will likely follow a different logic. This Element introduces the concepts of ¿shared measures¿ and ¿collective data use¿ to add collaborative, relational elements to existing performance management theory. It draws on a case study of collaboratives in North Carolina that were established to develop community responses to the opioid epidemic. To explain the use of shared performance measures and data within these collaboratives, this Element studies the role of factors such as group composition, participatory structures, social relationships, distributed leadership, group culture, and value congruence.

1. Introduction; 2. Institutionalized, Discretionary, and Collective Data Use; 3. Explaining the Collective Use of Performance Data; 4. Case Study: Opioid-Response Collaborations in North Carolina; 5. Conclusion; Appendix.