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ENGINEERING ACOUSTICS
NOISE AND VIBRATION CONTROL
A masterful introduction to the theory of acoustics along with methods for the control of noise and vibration
In Engineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control, two experts in the field review the fundamentals of acoustics, noise, and vibration. The authors show how this theoretical work can be applied to real-world problems such as the control of noise and vibration in aircraft, automobiles and trucks, machinery, and road and rail vehicles.
Engineering Acoustics: Noise and Vibration Control covers a wide range of topics.
The sixteen chapters include the following:
Readers, whether students, professional engineers, or community planners, will find numerous worked examples throughout the book, and useful references at the end of each chapter to support supplemental reading on specific topics. There is a detailed index and a glossary of terms in acoustics, noise, and vibration.
Malcolm J. Crocker obtained his Bachelors degree in Aeronautical Engineering and Masters degree in Noise and Vibration Studies from Southampton University and his PhD in Acoustics from Liverpool University. He worked at Supermarine and Vickers Armstrong Aircraft, UK, and at Wyle Labs, Huntsville, USA on the Lunar Saturn V launch noise. He has held full professor positions at Purdue, Sydney, and Auburn. At Auburn he served as Mechanical Engineering Department Head and Distinguished University Professor. He has published over 300 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings and written eight books including the award-winning Encyclopedia of Acoustics, Handbook of Acoustics, and Handbook of Noise and Vibration Control for Wiley. Crocker served as one of the four founding directors of I-INCE and one of the four founding directors of IIAV. He was general chair of INTER-NOISE 72. He served for 40 years as Editor-in-Chief of the Noise Control Engineering Journal and the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration. He has numerous awards including three honorary doctorates in Russia and Romania and is fellow and/or distinguished fellow of ASA, IIAV and ASME. He received the 2017 ASME Per Bruel Gold Medal for contributions to noise control and acoustics.
Jorge P. Arenas, Professor and former director of the Institute of Acoustics, University Austral of Chile, and Fellow of the International Institute of Acoustics and Vibration (IIAV). He received a degree in Acoustical Engineering in 1988 and his MSc in Physics in 1996 both from Univ. Austral, Chile. In 2001, he obtained a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Auburn University in the USA. He also gained professional experience at the Institute of Acoustics in Madrid, Spain, and at the University of Southampton in the UK. He has served as the President of the IIAV (2016-2018) and he is currently the Editor-in-Chief of the International Journal of Acoustics and Vibration and a member of the editorial board of the journals Shock and Vibration and Applied Acoustics.
Series Preface xix
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Types of Noise and Vibration Signals 1
1.3 Frequency Analysis 3
1.4 Frequency Analysis Using Filters 10
1.5 Fast Fourier Transform Analysis 15
2 Vibration of Simple and Continuous Systems 19
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 19
2.3 Vibrating Systems 23
2.4 Multi-Degree of Freedom Systems 30
2.5 Continuous Systems 38
3 Sound Generation and Propagation 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Wave Motion 49
3.3 Plane Sound Waves 50
3.4 Decibels and Levels 56
3.5 Three-dimensional Wave Equation 60
3.6 Sources of Sound 61
3.7 Sound Power of Sources 63
3.8 Sound Sources Above a Rigid Hard Surface 67
3.9 Directivity 68
3.10 Line Sources 71
3.11 Reflection, Refraction, Scattering, and Diffraction 72
3.12 Ray Acoustics 74
3.13 Energy Acoustics 75
3.14 Near Field, Far Field, Direct Field, and Reverberant Field 76
3.15 Room Equation 80
3.16 Sound Radiation From Idealized Structures 82
3.17 Standing Waves 85
3.18 Waveguides 91
3.19 Other Approaches 92
4 Human Hearing, Speech and Psychoacoustics 95
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Construction of Ear and Its Working 95
4.3 Subjective Response 99
4.4 Hearing Loss and Diseases (Disorders) 116
4.5 Speech Production 118
5 Effects of Noise, Vibration, and Shock on People 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Sleep Disturbance 125
5.3 Annoyance 126
5.4 Cardiovascular Effects 127
5.5 Cognitive Impairment 129
5.6 Infrasound, Low-Frequency Noise, and Ultrasound 130
5.7 Intense Noise and Hearing Loss 131
5.8 Occupational Noise Regulations 134
5.9 Hearing Protection 140
5.10 Effects of Vibration on People 144
5.11 Metrics to Evaluate Effects of Vibration and Shock on People 147
6 Description, Criteria, and Procedures Used to Determine Human Response to Noise and Vibration 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 Loudness and Annoyance 155
6.3 Loudness and Loudness Level 156
6.4 Noisiness and Perceived Noise Level 157
6.5 Articulation Index and Speech Intelligibility Index 160
6.6 Speech Interference Level 161
6.7 Indoor Noise Criteria 162
6.8 Equivalent Continuous SPL 166
6.9 Sound Exposure Level 167
6.10 Day-Night Equivalent SPL 168
6.11 Percentile SPLs 170
6.12 Evaluation of Aircraft Noise 170
6.13 Evaluation of Traffic Noise 172
6.14 Evaluation of Community Noise 174
6.15 Human Response 175
6.16 Noise Criteria and Noise Regulations 180
6.17 Human Vibration Criteria 182
7 Noise and Vibration Transducers, Signal Processing, Analysis, and Measurements 189
7.1 Introduction 189
7.2 Typical Measurement Systems 189
7.3 Transducers 190
7.4 Noise Measurements 195
7.5 Vibration Measurements 202
7.6 Signal Analysis, Data Processing, and Specialized Noise And Vibration Measurements 211
8 Sound Intensity, Measurements and Determination of Sound Power, Noise Source Identification, and Transmission Loss 217
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Historical Developments in the Measurement of Sound Pressure and Sound Intensity 217
8.3 Theoretical Background 221
8.4 Characteristics of Sound Fields 223
8.5 Active and Reactive Sound Fields 228
8.6 Measurement of Sound Intensity 232
8.7 Applications 253
8.8 Comparison Between Sound Power Measurements Using Sound Intensity and Sound Pressure Methods 275
8.9 Standards for Sound Intensity Measurements 280
9 Principles of Noise and Vibration Control 287
9.1 Introduction 287
9.2 Systematic Approach to Noise Problems 287
9.3 Use of Vibration Isolators 290
9.4 Use of Damping Materials 296
9.5 Use of Sound Absorption 300
9.6 Acoustical Enclosures 319
9.7 Use of Barriers 330
9.8 Active Noise and Vibration Control 339
10 Mufflers and Silencers - Absorbent and Reactive Types 351
10.1 Introduction 351
10.2 Muffler Classification 351
10.3 Definitions of Muffler Performance 352
10.4 Reactive Mufflers 352
10.5 Historical Development of Reactive Muffler Theories 354
10.6 Classical Reactive Muffler Theory 358
10.7 Exhaust System Modeling 374
10.8 Tail Pipe Radiation Impedance, Source Impedance and Source Strength 377
10.9 Numerical Modeling of Muffler Acoustical Performance 380
10.10 Reactive Muffler IL 403
10.11 Measurements of Source Impedance 403
10.12 Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Ducts 406
10.13 Historical Development of Dissipative Mufflers and Lined Duct Theories 406
10.14 Parallel-Baffle Mufflers 407
11 Noise and Vibration Control of Machines 427
11.1 Introduction 427
11.2 Machine Element Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 427
11.3 Built-up Machines 443
11.4 Noise Due to Fluid Flow 454
11.5 Noise Control of Industrial Production Machinery 459
12 Noise and Vibration Control in Buildings 465
12.1 Introduction 465
12.2 Sound Transmission Theory for Single Panels 466
12.3 Sound Transmission for Double and Multiple Panels 476
12.4 Sound and Vibration Transmission and Structural Response Using Statistical Energy Analysis (SEA) 484
12.5 Transmission Through Composite Walls 508
12.6 Effects of Leaks and Flanking Transmission 511
12.7 Sound Transmission Measurement Techniques 514
12.8 Single-Number Ratings for Partitions 520
12.9 Impact Sound Transmission 523
12.10 Measured Airborne and Impact Sound Transmission (Insulation) Data 527
12.11 Sound Insulation Requirements 534
12.12 Control of Vibration of Buildings Caused by Strong Wind 541
13 Design of Air-conditioning Systems for Noise and Vibration Control 557
13.1 Introduction 557
13.2 Interior Noise Level Design Criteria 558
13.3 General Features of a Ventilation System 558
13.4 Fan Noise 565
13.5 Space Planning 581
13.6 Mechanical Room Noise and Vibration Control 583
13.7 Sound Attenuation in Ventilation Systems 598
13.8 Sound Generation in Mechanical Systems 614
13.9 Radiated Noise 621
14 Surface Transportation Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 633
14.1 Introduction 633
14.2 Automobile and Truck Noise Sources and Control 633
14.3 Interior Road Vehicle Cabin Noise 644
14.4 Railroad and Rapid Transit Vehicle Noise and Vibration Sources 650
14.5 Noise And Vibration Control in Ships 654
15 Aircraft and Airport Transportation Noise Sources and Control 661
15.1 Introduction 661
15.2 Jet Engine Noise Sources and Control 661
15.3 Propeller and Rotor Noise Sources and Control 663
15.4 Helicopter and Rotor Noise 663
15.5 Aircraft Cabin Noise and Vibration and Its Control 666
15.6 Airport Noise Control 669
16 Community Noise and Vibration Sources 677
16.1 Introduction 677
16.2 Assessment of Community Noise Annoyance 677
16.3 Community Noise and Vibration Sources and Control 680
16.4 Environmental Impact Assessment 689
16.5 Environmental Noise and Vibration Attenuation 690
16.6 City Planning for Noise and Vibration Reduction and Soundscape Concepts 694
References 699
Glossary 705
Index 737
