There is need in environmental research for a book on fresh waters including rivers and lakes. Compared with other books on the topic, this book has a unique outline in that it follows pollution from sources to impact. Included in the text is the treatment of various tracers, ranging from pathogens to stable isotopes of elements and providing a comprehensive discussion which is lacking in many other books on pollution control of natural waters. Geophysical processes are discussed emphasizing mixing of water, interaction between water and the atmosphere, and sedimentation processes. Important geochemistry processes occurring in natural waters are described as are the processes specific to nutrients, organic pollutants, metals, and pathogens in subsequent chapters. Each of these chapters includes an introduction on the selected groups, followed by the physicochemical properties which are the most relevant to their behavior in natural waters, and the theories and models to describe their speciation, transport and transformation. The book also includes the most up to date information including a discussion on emerging pollutants such as brominated and phosphate flame retardants, perflurochemicals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. Due to its importance an ecotoxicology chapter has been included featuring molecular biological methods, nanoparticles, and comparison of the basis of biotic ligand model with the Weibull dose-response model. Finally, the last chapter briefly summarizes the regulations on ambient water quality.

PREFACE1. TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS1.1 Introduction1.2 Advection Diffusion Equation with Reaction1.3 Steady-State Mixing in Estuaries1.4 Time-Dependent Mixing in Rivers and Soil Systems1.5 Vertical Mixing1.6 Hydrodynamic Models1.7 Groundwater Plumes1.8 Sediment Mixing1.9 REFERENCES2. SEDIMENTATION PROCESSES2.1 Introduction2.2 ¯210Pb dating of sediments2.3 ¯137Cs and ¯239+240Pu dating of sediments2.4 Dated Records of Metals and Organic Pollutants2.5 Deconvolution of Sedimentary Records2.6 Chemical and Biological Degradation2.7 Sediments as a Source of Pollutants2.8 REFERENCES3. ATMOSPHERIC INTERACTIONS3.1 Introduction3.2 Atmospheric Deposition Processes3.3 Deposition and Gas Exchange of Organic Contaminants3.4 Marine and Freshwater Microlayers3.5 Case Study: Emission of VOCs from Wastewater Treatment Plants3.6 The Fugacity Model3.7 REFERENCES4. WATER CHEMISTRY4.1 Introduction4.2 Carbonate and Alkalinity4.3 Sulfur Chemistry4.4 Impact of Global Warming on Natural Waters4.5 REFERENCES5. NUTRIENTS5.1 Introduction5.2 Input of Nutrients and Acidity5.3 Eutrophication5.4 Nitrogen5.5 Phosphorus5.6 Vitamins and Trace Metals5.7 REFERENCES6. METALS6.1 Introduction6.2 Trends, Measurement, and Toxicity6.3 Sources and Reactions of Metals in Water6.4 Behavior of Selected Metals in Water6.5 Zero Valent Iron in Remediation of Contaminated Water6.6 REFERENCES7. ORGANIC POLLUTANTS7.1 Introduction7.2 Important Organic Pollutant Groups7.3 of Organic Molecules7.4 Basic Physicochemical Properties7.5 Distribution of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Environment7.6 Transformations in Water7.7 REFERENCES8. PATHOGENS8.1 Introduction8.2 Bacteria8.3 Protozoa8.4 Molecular techniques for detection of pathogens8.5 Pathogen Indicator Organisms and Surrogates8.6 Bacterial Contamination of Recreational Waters8.7 Pathogen Removal in Water and Wastewater Treatment8.8 REFERENCES9. TRACERS9.1 Introduction9.2 Natural vs. Artificial Tracers9.3 Radioisotope9.4 Stable isotopes9.5 Applications of Tracer Technology9.6 Chemical Mass Balance Modeling9.7 Factor Analysis9.8 REFERENCES10. ECOTOXICOLOGY10.1 Introduction10.2 Bioassays10.3 Molecular Biology Tools10.4 Human Health10.5 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals10.6 Types of Toxicity10.7 Models and Toxicity Tests10.8 Quality Criteria10.9 REFERENCES11. AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA11.1 Introduction11.2 A Primer on Ambient Water Quality Regulations11.3 Current U.S. Water Quality Criteria11.4 Water Quality Data Bases11.5 REFERENCES