David A. Crighton is Hon. Professor of Forensic Psychology at Durham University. He was formally Deputy Chief Psychologist in the UK Ministry of Justice. He is a past Chair of the BPS Expert Witness Advisory Group and a past Secretary and Treasurer of the British Psychological Society, Division of Forensic Psychology.

Graham J. Towl is Professor of Forensic Psychology, Durham University and visiting Clinical Professor, University of Newcastle. He was formally the Chief Psychologist at the Ministry of Justice, UK, and uniquely is the recipient of BPS awards for Distinguished Contributions to Professional practice and forensic academic knowledge. His research interests are wide currently including suicide in prisons and sexual violence at universities.

List of Contributors xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Graham J. Towl and David A. Crighton
Justice 4
Expert Controversies 6
Human Rights and Ethics 7
Developmental Perspectives 8
Investigation and Prosecution Issues 10
Psychological Assessment 11
Critical Psychology 12
Substance Use 13
Early Intervention 13
Justice Restored 15
Note 15
Further Reading 16
References 16
Part 1 Forensic Psychology: Legal
Chapter 2 Offender Profiling 21
David A. Crighton
Introduction 22
Historical Development 22
Approaches to Offender Profiling 25
Criminal investigative analysis 25
Crime action profiling 25
Investigative psychology 26
The Development of Offender Profiling 26
Current Evidence on Accuracy 30
Conclusions 31
Notes 32
Further Reading 32
References 33
Chapter 3 Eyewitness Testimony 36
Lorraine Hope and Ryan J. Fitzgerald
Eyewitness Identification Performance 37
The Witnessed Event 39
Witness factors 39
Super-recognisers 40
Perpetrator factors 40
Situational factors 42
Between the Witnessed Event and Identification Task 43
Retention interval 43
Post-event misinformation 44
Intermediate Recognition Tasks 45
Mugshots 45
Composite production 45
The identification task 46
Pre-lineup instructions 46
Lineup composition 46
Investigator bias 47
Lineup procedure: Comparing absolute and relative judgements 48
Post-identification feedback 49
Is confidence related to accuracy? 49
Is eyewitness identification evidence reliable? 50
Procedural Guidelines Relating to Suspect Identification in the United Kingdom 51
The Eyewitness in Court 53
Conclusions 54
Further Reading 54
References 55
Chapter 4 Jury Decision-making 66
Andreas Kapardis 66
Introduction: The Jury Idea 67
The Notion of an Impartial and Fair Jury: A Critical Appraisal 68
Arguments Against Jury Trials 69
Arguments in Favour of Jury Trials 70
Methods for Studying Juries/Jurors 71
Archival research 71
Questionnaire surveys 71
Mock juries 72
Shadow juries 73
Post-trial juror interviews 73
Books by ex-jurors 74
Selecting Jurors 74
Pre-Trial Publicity 75
The Reported Importance of Juror Characteristics 76
Juror Competence 78
Comprehending evidence 78
Understanding and following the judge's instructions/the jury charge 79
The Jury Foreperson 79
Jury Deliberation 80
Small Juries 81
Defendant Characteristics 82
Victim/Plaintiff Characteristics 82
Lawyer and Judge Characteristics 82
Courtroom Design 83
Hung Juries 83
Models of Jury Decision-making 83
Reforming the Jury to Remedy Some of Its Problems 84
Alternatives to Trial by Jury 84
Conclusions 85
Notes 86
Further Reading 87
References 87
Chapter 5 Jury Decision-making in Rape Trials: An Attitude Problem? 94
Dominic Willmott, Daniel Boduszek, Agata Debowska and Lara Hudspith
Introduction 95
Case study--The girl of Qatif 96
Rape and Sexual Offences in the Criminal Justice System 97
The prevalence of sexual victimisation 98
Rape complaints and attrition 98
Jury acquittals at trial 100
Jury Decision-making within Rape Trials 101
Arguments against retaining juries in rape trials 102
Arguments in favour of retaining juries in rape trials 102
Juror Bias and Pre-trial Attitudes 103
Rape myths: Definitions and research 104
Common rape myth beliefs 104
Rape myths and jury decision-making: The empirical evidence 105
Methodological considerations 109
Mock jury trial methodological considerations 110
Solutions and reforms 110
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
References 113
Chapter 6 Psychology in the Courts 120
David A. Crighton
Introduction 121
Systems of Justice 123
The System of Courts 124
The courts in England and Wales 124
Magistrates' courts 124
Youth courts 124
The Crown Court 125
The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) 125
The County Court 125
The Family Court 125
The High Court 125
The Courts in Scotland 126
Justice of the Peace Courts 126
Sheriff Courts 126
Sheriff Appeal Court 126
The High Court of Justiciary 126
The Court of Session 126
The Courts in Northern Ireland 127
Magistrates' courts (including youth courts and family proceedings) 127
The Crown Court 127
The Court of Appeal 127
County Courts 127
The High Court 127
The UK Supreme Court 128
Some Other UK Courts and Tribunals 128
Court Martial 128
Coroners Courts and fatal accident inquiries 128
The Parole Boards 129
Mental Health Tribunals 129
Contributions of Psychology 129
Legal Process 131
Psychologists' Evidence in Court 132
Giving Evidence 135
Conclusions 136
Notes 137
Further Reading 137
References 138
Part 2 Forensic Psychology: Clinical
Chapter 7 Clinical Assessment 143
David A. Crighton
Conceptual Issues in Assessment 144
Classification 145
Dimensional approaches 147
Diagnosis and formulation 148
Assessment 148
Hypothesis formulation 148
Psychodynamic theory 151
Cognitive behavioural theory 152
Systemic theory 153
Social inequalities theory 153
Integrative theories 154
Data Gathering 155
Interviews 156
Psychometric assessments 157
Data Analysis 158
Reliability 158
Validity 159
Criterion-related validity 159
Content validity 159
Construct validity 159
Specificity, sensitivity and power 160
Single case analysis 160
Clinical Judgements and Biases 161
Conclusions 162
Notes 163
Further Reading 163
References 164
Chapter 8 Risk Assessment 166
David A. Crighton
Key Legal Issues 167
Key Principles in Risk Assessment 168
Approaches to risk assessment 169
Risk Assessment Instruments 171
Critical Issues in Risk Assessment 175
Acceptable risk and rare catastrophic failures 179
Conclusions 181
Notes 182
Further Reading 183
References 184
Chapter 9 Psychology in Prisons 187
David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl
The Development of Psychology in Prisons 188
Developments in England and Wales 192
What Psychologists Do in Corrections 193
Legal 193
Clinical 195
Teaching and training 197
Research and development 198
The future 198
Conclusions 200
Notes 202
Further Reading 203
References 203
Chapter 10 Forensic Psychology in Mental Health and Social Care 207
Phil Willmot and Elizabeth Utting
Introduction 208
Forensic Psychology in Mental Health 208
The legal framework 209
Practical issues 210
Cultural issues 210
Evidence Base 211
Forensic Psychology in Social Care 213
The legal framework 213
Contributions of forensic psychology to social care 214
Systemic issues 215
Discussion 216
Further Reading 217
References 218
Chapter 11 The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research and Forensic Applications 221
Robert A. Schug, Yu Gao, Andrea L. Glenn, Yong Lin Huang, Melissa Peskin, Yaling Yang and Adrian Raine
The Developmental Evidence Base: Neurobiological Research 222
Genetics 223
Neuroimaging 224
Neurology 226
Neuropsychology 228
Verbal and spatial intelligence 228
Executive functioning 229
Biological versus social influences 231
Psychophysiology 231
Heart rate 232
Skin conductance 232
Electroencephalogram and event-related potentials 234
Endocrinology 236
Moral Development 236
Nutrition 238
Forensic Applications of Developmental Neurobiological Research 239
Lie detection 240
Legal and judicial process 241
Assessment 241
Diagnostic identification 241
Treatment 242
Intervention 243
Dangerousness and risk prediction 243
Conclusions 244
Further Reading 244
References 245
Chapter 12 The Developmental Evidence Base: Prevention 263
David P. Farrington
Introduction 264
Risk-focused prevention 265
What is a risk factor? 265
Cost-benefit analysis 266
Family-based Prevention 266
Home visiting programmes 267
Parent management training 268
Other parenting interventions 269
Multi-systemic therapy 270
School-based Prevention 271
Pre-school programmes 271
School programmes 272
Anti-bullying programmes 274
Peer Programmes 275
Skills Training 276
Communities That Care 278
Recent UK Developments 279
Conclusions 280
Further Reading 283
References 283
Chapter 13 The Developmental Evidence Base: Psychosocial Research 294
David P. Farrington
Introduction 295
Individual Factors 300
Temperament and personality 300
Hyperactivity and impulsivity 301
Low intelligence and attainment 302
Low empathy 303
Family Factors 304
Child-rearing 304
Teenage mothers and child abuse 306
Parental conflict and disrupted families 307
Criminal parents 309
Large family size 310
Social Factors 311
Socio-economic deprivation 311
Peer influences 312
School influences 313
Community influences 314
Conclusions 316
Further Reading 317
References 318
Chapter 14 Desistance from Crime 330
Lila Kazemian and David P. Farrington
Current State of Knowledge on Desistance 331
Social predictors of desistance 331
Employment 332
Marriage 333
Peers 335
Military 336
Religion and Spirituality 336
Substance Use 337
Cognitive predictors of desistance 337
The role of identity change in the desistance process 339
The interaction between social and cognitive factors 340
Genetic Factors and Desistance 341
Summary 342
Conclusions 342
Policy relevance of desistance research 342
Next steps in desistance research 343
Further Reading 344
References 345
Chapter 15 Crisis Negotiation 350
David A. Crighton
Development of Crisis Negotiation 351
Conceptual Issues in Crisis Negotiation 352
Types of critical incidents 352
To Negotiate or Not to Negotiate 354
Goals of Crisis Negotiation 355
Calming the situation 355
Process of crisis negotiation 355
Communication and rapport building 356
Listening 356
Showing empathy 357
Building rapport 357
Developing influence 357
Gathering intelligence 358
Crisis Negotiation and Terrorism 358
Crisis Negotiation during Terrorist Incidents 360
The Process of Negotiation with Terrorists 361
The Experience of Hostages 361
Crisis Negotiation--The Evidence 362
Conclusions 365
Notes 366
Further Reading 366
References 367
Chapter 16 Terrorism 371
Orla Lynch
Introduction 372
Key Issues--Defining Terrorism 373
Labelling 374
Is Terrorism a Psychological Issue? 375
The Psychology of Terrorism: The State of the Art 376
Applying Psychology: The Case of Extremism 380
Risk Assessment 382
Risk assessment and the case of terrorism 382
Intervention 383
Proactive Integrated Support Model (PRISM) 386
What Does CVE Success Look Like? 387
Conclusion 388
Notes 388
Further Reading 389
References 389
Chapter 17 Intellectual Disability: Assessment 394
David A. Crighton
The Context of Forensic Practice 395
Mental Health Legislation 396
Learning Disability and Crime 397
Pathways into and through offender services 400
Childhood adversity and behaviour problems 402
Adult psychiatric disorders 403
Specific offence types and pathways into services 404
Applications of Psychology to Processes within the Justice System 407
The process of police interview 407
The legal process and offenders with ID 408
Working with Offenders with ID 410
Assessment issues 410
Assessment of anger and aggression 412
Assessment for sexual offenders 413
Assessment of fire raising 416
Risk assessment 417
The role of dynamic risk assessment in the management of offenders with ID 419
Conclusions on Assessment 420
Notes 421
Further Reading 421
References 422
Chapter 18 Intellectual Disability: Treatment and Management 430
David A. Crighton and Graham J. Towl
Treatment for Specific Needs 433
Aggression 433
Sexual offending 435
Interventions for other offence-related problems 440
Conclusions 442
Note 443
Further Reading 443
References 444
Chapter 19 Personality Disorder: Assessment and Treatment 448
Conor Duggan and Richard Howard
Introduction 449
DSM-5 Alternative Model 450
ICD-11 451
Prototype Matching/SWAP-200 453
PD Assessment in Forensic and Correctional Contexts 455
Clinical Implications of ICD-11 457
Translating Theory into Practice in the Treatment of PD 457
Livesley's Integrated Modular Treatment 459
Ruptures in the Patient-Therapist Relationship 460
Will Categories of PD (and Borderline PD in Particular) Survive? 461
A Hierarchical Model of Personality Disorder 463
Concluding Comments 464
Further Reading 465
References 465
Chapter 20 Personality Disorder and Offending 468
Richard Howard and Conor Duggan
Introduction 469
Some caveats 469
PD and offending in community samples 471
The 'comorbidity' problem 472
Comorbidity with 'psychopathy' 474
Emotional impulsiveness 476
The importance of context 476
Paranoid thinking and violence 477
Paranoia and angry rumination 478
Concluding Comments 479
Note 480
Further Reading 480
References 481
Chapter 21 The Biopsychosocial Model of Psychopathy 485
Nicholas D. Thomson
Construct of Psychopathy 486
Psychopathy and the Biopsychosocial Model 487
Biological Contributors to Psychopathy 488
Genetics 488
Brain structures and function 488
Hormones 489
Psychological Contributors to Psychopathy 490
Childhood psychopathology and temperament 490
Personality traits 491
Cognitive function 491
Social Contributors to Psychopathy 492
Psychopathy: The Biopsychosocial Disorder 493
Further Reading 493
References 494
Chapter 22 Personality Disorder: Clinical and Policy Responses and the 'OPD Pathway' 499
Sarah Skett and Carine Lewis
What Is the OPD Pathway and What Makes It Unique? 500
History and context 500
Aims, Principles and the Theoretical Model of the OPD Pathway 501
The OPD Core Offender Management service and workforce development 504
The relational environment and its importance 505
Interventions in custody 506
Interventions in the community--IIRMS, AP PIPES and Supported Housing 507
Conclusion 508
Further Reading 508
References 509
Chapter 23 The Role of Arts in the Criminal Justice System 514
Laura Caulfield
Introduction and Context 515
The Arts in Criminal Justice: What Exists and Their Role 515
The Arts in Criminal Justice: Their Impact 518
Confidence and engagement 519
Identity 520
Well-being 520
Relationships: Collaboration and democracy 521
The importance of rehabilitation 522
Developing the evidence base 522
Summary 524
Organisations mentioned in this chapter 524
Useful resources 525
Notes 525
References 525
Chapter 24 Substance Use 529
David A. Crighton
Drugs and Crime 531
Assessment of Substance Use Disorders 532
Management of Detoxification 533
Heroin (and other opiates) 534
Stimulants 534
Alcohol 534
Multiple drug detoxification 535
The management of withdrawal in custody 535
Treatment 535
Cognitive behavioural interventions 536
Twelve-step treatments and therapeutic communities 537
Drug maintenance and other pharmacotherapies 539
Efficacy of Treatments 540
Additional Considerations 542
Mental health 542
Suicide risk 543
Overdose 543
Physical health risks 543
Notes 544
Further Reading 544
References 545
Chapter 25 Sports-based Learning and the Role of Sport in Promoting Education in Prisons 549
Rosie Meek
Emerging Issues and Ongoing Challenges 553
Further Reading 556
References 557
Chapter 26 Suicide and Self-harm in Prisons: Age, Gender and Ethnicity 560
Graham J. Towl
Self-harm 565
Suicide Prevention 566
Further Reading 570
References 570
Chapter 27 Suicide, Self-harm and Imprisoned Women 572
Tammi Walker
Overview 573
Context 573
Background 574
What Is Prison Suicide? 574
Rates of Suicide in Prisoner Populations 575
Suicide and Imprisoned Women 576
Self-harm and Imprisoned Women 578
Risk Factors for Suicide and Self-harm 580
Individual 580
Mental ill-health 581
Prison life 582
Preventing Suicide and Self-harm by Imprisoned Women 584
Limitations of Suicide Research in Prison Settings 586
Conclusion 586
Further Reading 587
References 587
Chapter 28 What Can University Communities Do to Reduce Sexual Violence? Responsibility, Prevention and Response 593
Clarissa J. Humphreys and Graham J. Towl
Introduction 594
Why Universities Must Address Sexual Violence 595
Research-informed Policy and Practice 599
Prevention 600
Response 602
Conclusion 605
Notes 606
Further Reading 606
References 607
Chapter 29 Adult Cyber Harassment and Image-based Sexual Abuse 609
Afroditi Pina
Conceptual Challenges and Outline 611
Online Non-sexual Harassment 611
Cyber harassment/cyberbullying 612
Online hate speech 613
Trolling 614
Doxing (also spelled 'doxxing') 615
Cyberstalking 615
Online Sexual Harassment and Abuse 616
Technology-facilitated sexual violence 617
Cyber sexual harassment 617
Image-based sexual abuse 618
Criminalisation/Legislation of Online Harassment Behaviours 620
Looking to the Future: Conceptual Harmonisation, Practical Implications and Future Research 622
References 624
Chapter 30 Intimate Partner Abuse 630
Elizabeth A. Gilchrist
Key Issues In IPA 631
Key Principles In IPA 632
Key Legal Issues 633
Theoretical Approaches to IPA 637
Biological theories 637
Psychological theories 637
Sociological: Interpersonal/family systems 637
Cultural explanations 638
Integrative approaches/multi-factor theories 639
Empirical Evidence 640
Risk abuse markers 640
Gender as a risk factor 642
Female offenders 642
Risk markers for assault and for lethality 643
Measurement of IPA 644
Different types of abuser 645
Critical Issues in Intimate Partner Abuse 646
Victim issues 646
IPA risk assessment 647
Limitations of risk tools 650
Effective interventions for IPA 650
Multi-agency responses 652
Conclusions 653
Further Reading 653
References 654
Chapter 31 Hate Crime and Hate Incidents at a UK University: Empirical Evidence Informing Policy and Research Practice 662
Nadia Siddiqui and Graham J. Towl
The Prevalence of Hate Incidents 666
Barriers to Reporting to the Authorities 668
Is Race or Religion a Factor in Victimisation? 669
Thematic Analysis 669
Education 670
Increase Victim Support 671
Conclusions 672
Further Reading 673
References 674
Chapter 32 Bullying in Prisons: Introducing the Prison Bullying Ecosystem Framework as a Guide for Intervention 676
Jane L. Ireland, Carol A. Ireland, Ushna Mian, Raneesha De Silva and Michael Lewis
Prison Bullying: Summarising Some Key Findings 678
Defining prison-based bullying 678
Extent of prison-based bullying 679
Groups involved 680
Understanding Prison Bullying: Introducing Theoretical Perspectives 680
Taking Theory and Proposing a Framework for Intervention: Prison Bullying Ecosystem Framework 683
Considering ecosystem external factors 684
Considering ecosystem internal factors 686
Concluding Comments 689
References 690
Chapter 33 Psychology of Gang Membership: Group Processes, Social Cognition and Mental Health 692
Jane L. Wood
Gang Membership 693
Gang Joining 693
Gang Members: Delinquency Levels 694
Gang Identity and Identifying with the Gang 695
Conformity, Pluralistic Ignorance and Cohesion 696
Intergroup Conflict and Status Enhancement 697
Being a Gang Member: Social Cognitive Processes 698
Moral Disengagement 699
Offence-supportive Cognitions 700
Rumination, Displaced Aggression and Entitativity 702
Rumination 702
Displaced aggression 703
Entitativity 704
Gang involvement and mental health 704
Conclusions 706
Further Reading 707
References 707
Chapter 34 Arson and Fire Setting: A New Conceptualisation 713
Faye Horsley
Introduction 714
Part One 714
Background 714
The Psychology of Arson and Fire Setting 715
Sample composition 715
Recidivism and dangerousness 717
Characteristics of arsonists and fire setters 718
Summary of empirical work 720
Theoretical Perspectives 720
Typologies 720
Multi-factor perspectives 721
Problems with the literature 722
Part Two 724
Non-criminalised fire use 724
The Continuum of Fire Use (CoFU) 726
Implications and Applications 727
Conclusions 728
Notes 729
Further Reading 729
References 729
Chapter 35 Trauma-informed Care in the Criminal Justice System 735
Tammi Walker
Introduction 736
What Is Trauma? 737
Trauma among Men and Women in Prison 740
Becoming Trauma Informed 741
SAMHSA's Four 'R'S': Key assumptions in the trauma-informed
approach 741
SAMHSA's six key principles of the trauma-informed approach 743
SAMHSA's ten implementation domains for the trauma-informed approach 743
Prisons as Trauma-informed Organisations 744
Evaluations of Prisons as Trauma-informed Organisations 746
Barriers to Trauma-informed Care in Prison 748
Conclusion 748
Further Reading 749
References 749
Part 3 Forensic Psychology: Ethics and Politics
Chapter 36 The Politics of Forensic Psychological Research, Policy and Practice 755
Graham J. Towl
New Public Management 756
Language Use as Forensic Psychologists 758
How Does the Way in Which Psychology Is Taught in the United Kingdom Influence the Development of Forensic Psychology? 760
A Brief History of Forensic Psychological Internal Politics in the United Kingdom 762
Debates around the defining characteristics of the discipline 762
Training arrangements 764
Statutory regulation of practitioner psychologists 765
Conclusions 765
Further Reading 766
References 767
Chapter 37 Aspects of Diagnosed Mental Illness and Offending 769
David Pilgrim
Social Context of Rule Transgressions: Normal and Abnormal Offenders 770
Penal and psychiatric jurisdiction of mentally abnormal offenders 771
Overlaps and Tensions between Psychiatric and Psychological Knowledge 772
Psychological encounters with 'mental illness' in forensic settings 773
Traditions of psychiatric and psychological knowledge 774
Emergence of the biopsychosocial model and neo-Kraepelinian retrenchment 775
Psychological and Psychiatric Approaches to Mental Illness in Forensic Settings 777
Problematic Relationship between Diagnosed Mental Illness and Risks 779
'Dual diagnosis' or 'comorbidity' 779
Mental illness and risk to others 780
Conclusions 783
Further Reading 783
References 784
Chapter 38 Role of Safeguarding in Overcoming Persistent Harmful Practice in Forensic Mental Health 787
Brian A. Thomas-Peter and Rebecca Lawday
Moral Blindness in Forensic Mental Health 789
Major Inquiries: Lessons Not Learned 791
The Failure of Senior Management 797
Conclusion 799
Notes 800
Further Reading 800
References 800
Chapter 39 Beyond 'Disorder': A Manifesto for Psychological Health and Well-being 803
Peter Kinderman
Labels Are for Products, Not People 805
Reliability 806
Validity 807
Can we think of a better phrase than 'oppositional defiant disorder'? 808
A New Approach 809
Minimising real problems 811
Moving Beyond the Concept of 'Abnormality' 811
There are alternatives to diagnosis 813
Non-diagnostic alternatives 813
Recognising causes in the real world 814
The drugs don't work 815
Coercion 816
Prevention 817
Pathways to mental health 819
We learn to make sense of the world 819
Psychological model of mental health and well-being 821
Notes 821
Further Reading 821
References 822
Chapter 40 Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychology 824
Graham J. Towl
Philosophical Roots 826
Ethical Guidance for Professionals 828
APA ethical guidance 830
APA specialty guidelines for forensic psychology (2013) 830
Psychological Society of Ireland (PSI) code of professional ethics 831
BACP--Ethical framework for good practice in counselling and psychotherapy 832
HCPC standards of conduct, performance and ethics (2016) 833
BPS code of ethics and conduct (2018) 833
Specialist BPS forensic guidance 834
Power Relationships 834
Conclusions 836
Note 837
Further Reading 837
References 838
Name Index 841
Subject Index 849

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
Explore the theory, research, and practice of forensic psychology with this collection of resources from recognized leaders in the field
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The new edition addresses issues of equality, diversity, and inclusion in each section, as well as the uses and abuses of power in forensic contexts. The book takes a constructively critical approach to the dominant theories, policy, and practices of today, as opposed to being merely descriptive, and considers new and developing areas, like the prevention of sexual violence at universities.
Forensic Psychology comprehensively addresses the application of modern forensic techniques and practices to the civil and criminal justice systems in the United Kingdom. Each chapter concludes with some specific suggestions for further reading. Additionally, readers will enjoy the inclusion of a wide variety of topics, like:
* A thorough discussion of investigative and clinical practice, including the politics of forensic psychology, offender profiling, eyewitness testimony, and jury decision making
* An examination of clinical and risk assessments, including reviews of the key legal issues and principles involved in risk assessments, the role of structured instruments and protocols, and coverage of actuarial and structured clinical methods
* Discussions of working with criminalized populations in prisons and forensic mental health facilities
* A treatment of psychology in the courts with an emphasis on the courts of England and Wales
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