Nayan Kumar, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India. He received his PhD in electrical engineering from the National Institute of Technology Durgapur, India, in 2018. His current research interests include power electronics and its applications such as in PV systems, wind turbines, electric vehicles, reliability, harmonics and adjustable speed drives.

Prabhansu, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat, Gujarat, India. He has been associated with the Renewable Energy Lab at the Institute since early 2020 and has over 11 years of experience in the field of solar energy extraction and gasification.

RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR SUSTAINABLE GROWTH ASSESSMENT
Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this collection of papers reflects the most up-to-date and comprehensive current state of renewable energy for sustainable growth assessment and provides practical solutions for engineers and scientists.
Renewable energy resources (RERs) are gaining more attention in academia and industry as one of the preferred choices of sustainable energy conversion. Due to global energy demand, environmental impacts, economic needs and social issues, RERs are encouraged and even funded by many governments around the world. Today, researchers are facing numerous challenges as this field emerges and develops, but, at the same time, new opportunities are waiting for RERs utilization in sustainable development all over the globe.
Efficient energy conversion of solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, and other techniques are gaining more popularity and are the future of energy. The present book cross-pollinates recent advances in the study of renewable energy for sustainable growth. Various applications of RERs, modeling and performance analysis, grid integration, soft computing, optimization, artificial intelligence (AI) as well as machine and deep learning aspects of RERs are extensively covered. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.
This outstanding new volume
* Assesses the current and future need for energy on a global scale and reviews the role of renewable energy
* Includes multiple chapters on biomass and bioenergy
* Also includes multiple chapters on solar energy and PVs
* Also includes chapters on fuel cells, wind power, and many other topics
* Covers the design and implementation of power electronics for energy systems
* Outlines best practices and the state of the art for renewable energy with regard to sustainability
Audience: Engineers, scientists, technicians, managers, students, and faculty working in the field of renewable energy, sustainability and power system

Preface xix
1 Biomass as Emerging Renewable: Challenges and Opportunities 1
Prabhansu and Nayan Kumar
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Bioenergy Chemical Characterization 5
1.2.1 Cellulose [C6(H2O)5]n 5
1.2.2 Hemicellulose [C5(H2O)4]n 5
1.2.3 Lignin [C10H12O3]n 5
1.2.4 Starch 5
1.2.5 Other Minor Components of Organic Matter 5
1.2.6 Inorganic Matter 6
1.3 Technologies Available for Conversion of Bioenergy 6
1.4 Progress in Scientific Study 7
1.4.1 Combustion Technology 7
1.4.2 Hybrid Systems 8
1.4.3 Circular Bio-Economy 8
1.4.4 Other Notable Developments 9
1.5 Status of Biomass Utilization in India 9
1.6 Major Issues in Biomass Energy Projects 11
1.6.1 Large Task Costs 11
1.6.2 Lower Proficiency of Advancements 11
1.6.3 Immature Innovations 11
1.6.4 Lack of Subsidizing Alternatives 11
1.6.5 Non-Transparent Exchange Markets 11
1.6.6 High Dangers/Low Compensations 12
1.6.7 Resource Value Acceleration 12
1.7 Challenges in Commercialization 12
1.7.1 Financial Dangers 12
1.7.2 Technological Dangers 12
1.7.3 Principal Specialist Hazard 13
1.7.4 Market Acknowledgement Chances 13
1.7.5 Environmental Dangers 13
1.7.6 COVID-19: The Impact on Bioenergy 13
1.8 Concluding Remarks 14
References 14
2 Assessment of Renewable Energy Technologies Based on Sustainability Indicators for Indian Scenario 25
Anuja Shaktawat and Shelly Vadhera
Nomenclature 25
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 RE Scenario in India 27
2.2.1 Large Hydropower 28
2.2.2 Small Hydropower 28
2.2.3 Onshore Wind Power 29
2.2.4 Solar Power 29
2.2.5 Bioenergy 29
2.3 Impact of COVID-19 on RE Sector in India 30
2.4 Sustainability Assessment of RE Technologies 30
2.4.1 RE Technologies Selection 31
2.4.2 Sustainability Indicators Selection and Their Weightage 31
2.4.3 Methodology 32
2.4.3.1 The TOPSIS Method 32
2.4.3.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS 34
2.5 Ranking of RE Technologies 36
2.5.1 The TOPSIS 36
2.5.2 The Fuzzy-TOPSIS 36
2.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulations-Based Probabilistic Ranking 38
2.6 Results and Discussion 42
2.7 Conclusion 43
References 43
3 A Review of Biomass Impact and Energy Conversion 49
Dhanasekaran Subashri and Pambayan Ulagan Mahalingam
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Non-Renewable Energy Resources: Crisis and Demand 50
3.3 Environmental Impacts and Control by Biomass Conversion 52
3.3.1 Biomass and Its Various Sources for Energy Conversion 52
3.3.1.1 Sugar and Starch-Based Biomass (First-Generation - 1G) 53
3.3.1.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (Second-Generation - 2G) 53
3.3.1.3 Micro and Macroalgal Biomass (Third-Generation - 3G) 58
3.3.1.4 Genetically Engineered Biomass (Fourth-Generation) 60
3.3.1.5 Waste Biomass Resources 60
3.3.2 Biomass Conversion Process 66
3.3.2.1 Thermochemical Conversion 66
3.3.2.2 Biological Conversion 67
3.3.2.3 Advanced Technology for Biomass Conversion 68
3.3.3 Biofuel as Renewable Energy for the Future 70
3.3.3.1 Solid Fuel 70
3.3.3.2 Gaseous Fuel 71
3.3.3.3 Liquid Biofuel 71
3.4 Future Trends 72
3.5 Conclusion 72
Acknowledgment 73
References 73
4 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems 81
Vishal Anand, Varsha Singh and Saad Mekhlief
4.1 Introduction: Need of Renewable Energy System 81
4.1.1 Financial Aspects 83
4.1.2 Environmental Aspects 83
4.1.3 Economic Feasibility 84
4.1.4 Present Scenario of Renewable Energy Sources 86
4.2 Power Electronics Technologies 87
4.2.1 AC-DC Converters 87
4.2.2 DC-AC Converters 88
4.2.3 DC-DC Converters 90
4.2.4 AC-AC Converter 91
4.3 Energy Conversion Controller Design Using Power Electronics 92
4.4 Carbon Emission Reduction Using Power Electronics 95
4.4.1 Renewable Power Generation 97
4.5 Efficient Transmission of Power 100
4.6 Issues and Challenges of Power Electronics 100
4.7 Energy Storage Utilized by Power Electronics for Power System 101
4.8 Application of Power Electronics 101
4.8.1 VSC-Based HVDC 101
4.8.2 Power Electronics in Electric Drives 102
4.8.3 Power Electronics in Electric Vehicles 103
4.8.4 Power Electronics in More Electric Effect (MEE) 105
4.8.4.1 More Electric Aircraft 105
4.8.4.2 More Electric Ships 105
4.8.5 Advanced Applications of Power Converters in Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) 106
4.9 Case Study on PV Farm and Wind Farm Using Converter Modelling 106
4.9.1 A 400KW 4 PV Farm 106
4.9.2 Wind Generation Using DFIG 109
4.10 Reliability of Renewable Energy System 110
4.10.1 Reliability of Photovolatic-Based Power System 110
4.10.2 Reliability of Wind-Turbine-Based Power System 110
4.10.3 Reliability of Power Electronics Converters in Renewable Energy System 111
4.11 Conclusion 111
References 112
5 Thermal Performance Studies of an Artificially Roughened Corrugated Aluminium Alloy (AlMn1Cu) Plate Solar Air Heater (SAH) at a Moderate Air Flow Rate 119
Dutta P. P., Goswami P.., Das A., Chutia L., Borbara M., Das V., Bania K., Rai S. and Bardalai M.
Nomenclature 119
5.1 Introduction 120
5.2 Methodology 124
5.2.1 Experimental Setup 124
5.2.2 Mathematical Modelling 125
5.3 Results and Discussion 128
5.4 Conclusions 131
Acknowledgement 132
References 132
6 An Overview of Partial Shading on PV Systems 135
Siddharth Mathur, Gautam Raina, Pulkit Jain and Sunanda Sinha
Nomenclature 135
6.1 Introduction 136
6.2 Basics of Partial Shading 139
6.2.1 Types & Occurrence of Partial Shading 142
6.2.2 Problem Associated with Partial Shading 143
6.2.3 Details About Partial Shading Mitigation Techniques 146
6.2.3.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques 146
6.2.3.2 PV System Architecture 147
6.2.3.3 Converter Topologies 148
6.3 Mitigation of Partial Shading Using Array Reconfiguration Techniques 149
6.3.1 Conventional 151
6.3.2 Hybrid 155
6.3.3 Reconfigured/Modified Configurations 157
6.3.4 Puzzle-Based Configuration 157
6.3.5 Metaheuristic-Based PV Array Configurations 168
6.4 Case Study on Different Techniques of Array Reconfiguration According to its Classification - (2015-2020) 172
6.5 Future Directions 172
6.6 Discussion & Conclusion 173
References 174
7 Optical Modeling Techniques for Bifacial PV 181
Pulkit Jain, Gautam Raina, Siddharth Mathur and Sunanda Sinha
Nomenclature 181
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Background 183
7.2.1 Bifacial Cells and Modules 183
7.2.2 Cell Technologies 185
7.2.3 Geometric Parameters and Metrics 186
7.2.3.1 Bifaciality Factor 187
7.2.3.2 Bifacial Gain (BG) 187
7.3 Bifacial PV System and Modelling 188
7.3.1 Need for Optical Modeling of Bifacial PV 188
7.3.2 Bifacial PV Modeling Challenges 189
7.3.3 Bifacial Irradiance Models 192
7.3.3.1 Ray-Tracing Model 192
7.3.3.2 Empirical Models 195
7.3.3.3 View Factor Model 196
7.3.4 Optical Modelling of Bifacial PV 198
7.3.4.1 Frontside Irradiance 198
7.3.4.2 Rear-Side Irradiance 202
7.3.5 Comparison of Different Models/Software 205
7.4 Effect of Installation and Weather Parameters on Energy Yield 208
7.4.1 Effect of Installation Parameters 208
7.4.2 Effect of Albedo 208
7.4.3 Effect of Tilt Angle 208
7.4.4 Effect of Elevation 209
7.4.5 Effect of Weather Parameters 210
7.5 Conclusion 211
References 212
8 Intervention of Microorganisms for the Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Extract the Fermentable Sugars for Biofuel Production 217
M. Naveen Kumar, A. Gangagni Rao, Sudharshan Juntupally, Vijayalakshmi Arelli and Sameena Begum
8.1 Introduction 217
8.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass 218
8.2.1 Types of Lignocellulosic Biomass 219
8.2.1.1 Virgin Biomass 219
8.2.1.2 Agricultural and Energy Crops 220
8.2.1.3 Waste Biomass 220
8.3 Role of Pretreatment in Biofuel Generations 220
8.3.1 Non-Biological Pretreatment 222
8.3.1.1 Physical Pretreatment 223
8.3.1.2 Chemical Pretreatment 223
8.3.1.3 Physico-Chemical (Hybrid) Pretreatment 224
8.4 Biological Pretreatment and its Significance 227
8.4.1 Role of Fungi in Pretreatment 228
8.4.1.1 Biological Mechanisms of Delignification in Fungi 228
8.4.2 Role of Prokaryotic Pretreatment 232
8.4.2.1 Bacterial Enzymes Involved in Lignin De-Polymerization 232
8.4.2.2 Types of Bacteria and their Role in Delignification 233
8.5 Combined Biological Pretreatment Case Studies and Opportunities 234
8.6 Future Prospects 236
8.6.1 Role of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 236
8.7 Conclusion 236
Acknowledgement 237
Conflicts of Interest 237
References 237
9 Biomass and Bioenergy: Resources, Conversion and Application 243
Dr. Sunita Barot
9.1 Introduction to Biomass 243
9.2 Classification of Biomass Resources 244
9.3 Biomass to Bioenergy Conversion 247
9.4 Environmental Impacts of Biomass & Bioenergy 253
9.5 Solutions to the Environmental Impacts 254
9.6 Case Study of US - Conversion of MSW to Energy 255
9.7 Bioenergy Products 256
9.8 Effects of Covid-19 on Bioenergy Sector 258
References 258
10 Renewable Energy Development in Africa: Lessons and Policy Recommendations from South Africa, Egypt, and Nigeria 263
Adedoyin Adeleke, Fabio Inzoli and Emanuela Colombo
10.1 Introduction 263
10.2 Existing Knowledge and Contributions to Literature 265
10.3 Renewable Energy Development in South Africa 269
10.3.1 Policies and Strategies 269
10.3.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 272
10.4 Renewable Energy Development in Egypt 275
10.4.1 Policies and Strategies 275
10.4.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 277
10.5 Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria 284
10.5.1 Policies and Strategies 285
10.5.2 Policy Impact on Renewable Energy Development 288
10.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications 291
10.6.1 Policy Implications from South Africa and Egypt 291
10.6.2 Barriers to Renewable Energy Development in Africa: The Case of Nigeria 293
10.7 Conclusion 297
References 298
11 Sustainable Development of Pine Biocarbon Derived Thermally Stable and Electrically Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite Films 305
Rehnuma Saleheen, MGH Zaidi, Sameena Mehtab and Kavita Singhal
11.1 Introduction 305
11.1.1 Biomass Resources 307
11.1.2 Biomass Utilization 308
11.1.2.1 Production of BC from Biomass 308
11.1.2.2 Production of CF 309
11.1.3 Applications of BC 310
11.1.3.1 BC as CI 310
11.1.3.2 BC for ESDs 311
11.1.3.3 BC as Filler for Polymer Composites 311
11.1.3.4 BC-Derived Sustainable OP 313
11.2 Experimental Procedures 314
11.2.1 Starting Materials 314
11.2.2 Development of Pine Cone-Derived BC and Nano Pine-Derived BC 314
11.2.3 Development of OP 314
11.2.4 Development of ECF 316
11.3 Characterization 316
11.4 Results and Discussion 316
11.4.1 Spectra of ECF 316
11.4.2 Microstructure of ECF 318
11.4.3 Thermal Stability of ECF 318
11.5 Electrical Behaviour of ECF 320
11.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 321
Acknowledgement 322
References 322
12 Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Systems 327
Nandhini Gayathri M. and Kannbhiran A.
12.1 Introduction 327
12.2 Power Electronics on Energy Systems and its Impact 328
12.3 The Power Electronics Contribution and its Challenges in the Current Energy Scenario 330
12.4 Recent Growth in Power Semiconductor Technology 335
12.5 A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy Systems: AC-Link Universal Power Converters 337
12.6 Power Converters for Wind Turbines and Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 340
12.7 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter Based PV Systems 342
12.8 AC-DC-AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 345
12.9 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 345
12.10 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies 349
12.11 Boost Pre-Regulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 350
12.12 Active Power Filter 350
12.13 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 351
12.14 Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 352
12.15 Impedance Source Inverters 353
12.16 Conclusion 354
References 354
13 Fuel Cells for Alternative and Sustainable Energy Systems 363
N. V. Raghavaiah and Dr. G. Naga Srinivasulu
13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Systems 363
13.1.1 Brief History 363
13.2 Overview of Fuel Technology 364
13.2.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Working 365
13.2.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 366
13.2.3 Fuel Cell Performance 368
13.2.4 Fuel Cell Power Density 371
13.3 Energy Storage Applications of Fuel Cells 371
13.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cell System 372
13.5 Latest Developments in Fuel Cell Technology 372
13.5.1 Electrode Design - as a Function of Catalyst 374
13.5.2 Efficient Structure Design: Fuel Cell Mass Transportation 375
13.5.3 Design of Flow Patterns 375
13.5.4 Environmental Impact of Fuel Cells 376
13.6 Future Perspective of Fuel Cell 376
13.6.1 Research and Technological Factors 376
13.6.2 Perspective View 377
13.6.3 Environmental Crisis 377
13.6.4 Fuel EVs Infrastructure 378
13.6.5 Renewables: A Window of Opportunity for Fuel Cells 378
13.6.6 Energy Storage: A Big, Challenging Issue 380
13.6.7 Future Predictions: On Fuel Cell Systems 380
13.6.8 Hydrogen Economy 383
13.7 Case Studies 384
13.7.1 Case Study-1 384
13.7.2 Case Study-2 385
13.7.3 Case Study-3 386
13.8 Summary 387
References 387
14 Fuel Cell Utilization for Energy Storage 389
Archit Rai and Sumit Pramanik
14.1 Introduction to Fuel Cells 389
14.2 Fuel Cell Mechanism 391
14.3 Efficiency of Fuel Cell 391
14.3.1 Efficiency Calculations 392
14.3.2 Co-Generation of Heat and Power 393
14.4 Types of Fuel Cells 393
14.4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 394
14.4.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 394
14.4.3 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 398
14.4.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 398
14.4.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) 398
14.5 Hydrogen Production 399
14.5.1 Steam Methane Reforming or SMR (Natural Gas Reforming) 400
14.5.2 Coal Gasification Process 400
14.5.3 Biomass Gasification 400
14.5.4 Biomass Derived Fuel Reforming 401
14.5.5 Thermochemical Water Splitting 401
14.5.6 Electrolytic Process 401
14.5.7 Direct Solar Water Splitting Process 402
14.5.8 Biological Processes 402
14.5.9 Microbial Biomass Conversion 402
14.5.10 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) 403
14.6 Fuel Cells Applications and Advancements 403
14.6.1 Applications 403
14.6.2 Advancements 404
14.6.3 Applications and Advancements of Fuel Cells in Automobile Sector 405
14.6 Conclusions 405
References 406
15 Miniature Hydel Energy Harvesting Unit to Power Auto Faucet and Lighting Systems for Domestic Applications 409
Farid Ullah Khan, Adil Ahmad Taj, Umar Safi Ullah Jan and Gule Saman
15.1 Introduction 409
15.2 Literature Review 412
15.3 Data Collection and Theoretical Hydraulic Power Calculations 414
15.4 Architecture and Working of Prototypes 414
15.5 Design and Simulation 416
15.6 Fabrication of Prototypes 420
15.6.1 Fabrication of Prototype-1 420
15.6.2 Fabrication of Prototype-2 422
15.6.3 Fabrication of Prototype-3 423
15.7 Experimentation of Prototypes 424
15.8 Experimentation for Auto Faucet System 428
15.9 Conclusions 432
References 432
16 Modeling, Performance Analysis, Impact Study and Operational Paradigms of Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant 435
B. Koti Reddy and Dr. Amit Kumar Singh
16.1 Introduction 435
16.2 Solar Energy 436
16.2.1 Forms of Energy Resources 436
16.2.2 Solar Spectrum 437
16.2.3 Sun Tracking and Location 438
16.2.4 Solar Energy Fundamentals 439
16.2.5 Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants (SPP) 444
16.3 Modeling of PV Modules 445
16.3.1 Simulation Model 447
16.3.2 Simulation Results 448
16.4 Design of 12 MWp SPP 452
16.4.1 Selection of Site 452
16.4.2 Equipment Sizing 453
16.4.3 Cost Estimates 454
16.4.4 Shadow Analysis 454
16.4.5 Power Output Estimates 457
16.5 Field Equipment Details 457
16.6 Performance Analysis 458
16.6.1 Performance Indicators 458
16.6.2 Field Data and Analysis 459
16.6.3 Intangible Benefits Realised in Past Three Years 459
16.7 Technical Issues and New Paradigms 459
16.7.1 Technical Issues 461
16.7.2 Paradigm Shift 467
16.8 Opportunities and Future Scope 470
16.8.1 Opportunities 471
16.8.2 Latest Trends 471
16.8.3 Future Scope 471
16.9 Conclusions 473
References 473
17 A Review on Control Technologies and Islanding Issues in Microgrids 475
Anup Kumar Nanda, Babita Panda and Chinmoy Kumar Panigrahi
17.1 Introduction 475
17.2 Importance of Microgrid 476
17.3 Microgrid Types 477
17.4 Problems in Islanded Mode of Operation 478
17.5 Features of Microgrid Control System 479
17.6 Microgrid Islanding 480
17.7 Control Techniques 481
17.7.1 Primary Level 481
17.7.2 Secondary Level 482
17.7.2.1 Centralized Control Strategy 483
17.7.2.2 Decentralized Control Strategy 483
17.7.3 Tertiary Level 484
17.8 Autonomous Control Architecture 486
17.9 Optimization of Control in Microgrids 487
17.9.1 Linear Programming 487
17.9.2 Non-Linear Programming 488
17.10 Inverter Control in Microgrids 488
17.10.1 PQ Control 488
17.10.2 Voltage Source Inverter Control 489
17.10.2.1 Power Control Mode (PCM) 489
17.10.2.2 Voltage Control Mode (VCM) 489
17.11 Droop Control 489
17.11.1 V/f Control 491
17.12 Modern Prospects of Microgrid Research 492
17.12.1 Multi Microgrid Control 492
17.12.2 Energy Storage Management 492
17.12.3 Management of Loads 492
17.12.4 Hybrid Energy Mangement System 492
17.12.5 Implementation of Soft Switches 492
17.12.6 Protection and Stability Analysis 493
17.12.7 Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques 493
17.12.7.1 Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) 494
17.12.7.2 Hybrid GWO and P&O Algorithm (Hyb.) 495
17.12.7.3 Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) 495
17.12.7.4 Communication Technologies 498
17.13 Conclusion 498
References 499
18 A Review of Microgrid Protection Schemes Resilient to Weather Intermittency and DER Faults 503
Goyal R. Awagan Ebha Koley and Subhojit Ghosh
18.1 Introduction 503
18.2 Islanding Detection 506
18.2.1 Central Islanding Detection 506
18.2.2 Local Islanding Detection 507
18.2.3 Feature Extraction-Based Islanding Detection 507
18.2.4 Machine Learning-Based Islanding Detection 508
18.3 Protection Challenges Due to Weather Intermittency 508
18.3.1 Solar Irradiance Intermittency 509
18.3.2 Wind Speed Intermittency 510
18.3.3 Solar-Wind Combined Intermittency 511
18.4 Protection Challenges Due to Converter Faults 511
18.5 Protection Challenges Due to PV Array Faults 513
18.5.1 LG Fault 513
18.5.2 LL Fault 513
18.5.3 Arc Fault 513
18.5.4 Faults Due to Partial Shading 514
18.6 Conclusion 517
References 517
19 Theories of Finance for Generation Portfolio Optimization 523
Arjun C. Unni, Weerakorn Ongsakul and Nimal Madhu M.
Acronyms 523
19.1 Introduction 524
19.2 Introduction to Portfolio Optimization 526
19.3 Using Fuzzy Logic to Create Risk and Reward Index 527
19.4 Markovitz Mean-Variance Theory 530
19.5 Black-Litterman Model 531
19.6 Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) 532
19.7 Conditional Value at Risk (CVaR) 532
19.8 Results and Discussion 534
19.9 Conclusion 540
References 540
20 Variable Speed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator-Wind Energy Systems 543
Vijaya Priya R., Raja Pichamuthu and M.P. Selvan
20.1 PMSG-Based WECS 543
20.1.1 Configurations of WECS 544
20.1.2 General Control Requirements of WECS 544
20.1.3 Insights from Literature Review 545
20.1.4 Objectives and Scope of the Present Research Work 546
20.1.5 Contributions of the Chapter 546
20.2 System Modelling 547
20.2.1 Wind Turbine Modelling 547
20.2.2 PMSG Modelling 548
20.2.3 Drive-Train Shaft Modelling 549
20.2.4 DC-Link Modelling 549
20.2.5 GSC Filter Design 550
20.2.6 Grid Modelling 550
20.2.7 Dynamic Operating Conditions 551
20.2.7.1 Grid Disturbances 551
20.2.7.2 Converter Non-Linearities 554
20.2.8 SRF-PLL Modelling 554
20.3 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation Based on Stator SRF-PLL 555
20.3.1 PMSG Angular Speed Reference Signal Computation 556
20.3.2 Rotor Speed and Position Estimation 556
20.3.3 Vector Control 558
20.3.4 Analytical Validations 559
20.3.4.1 Starting Characteristics 559
20.3.4.2 Wind Velocity Variation 559
20.3.4.3 Converter Non-Linearities 560
20.3.4.4 Utility Harmonics 561
20.3.4.5 Sensitivity Study 562
20.3.5 Summary 564
20.4 Active Power and Current Reference Generation Scheme 564
20.4.1 System Modeling 565
20.4.1.1 MSC Controller Design 565
20.4.1.2 GSC and Controller Design 567
20.4.2 MSC Reference Power Generation Scheme 570
20.4.3 GSC Current Oscillation Component Computation 573
20.4.4 Analytical Validation 574
20.4.4.1 Symmetrical Voltage Sag 574
20.4.4.2 Distorted Utility 575
20.4.5 Summary 577
20.5 Torsional Oscillation Damping 577
20.5.1 Dynamic Effects under MPPT and PLMs 578
20.5.1.1 Fast DC Link Voltage Control 579
20.5.1.2 Slow DC-Link Voltage Control 581
20.5.2 Proposed Active Damping Scheme for Torsional Mode Operation 583
20.5.3 Proposed Control for GSC Control 585
20.5.3.1 DPC Scheme 586
20.5.3.2 Power Oscillation Term Computation 586
20.5.4 Simulation Validation 587
20.5.4.1 Turbulent and Gust Wind Speed 587
20.5.4.2 Unsymmetrical Voltage Sag 588
20.5.5 Summary 590
20.6 Conclusions 590
Appendices and Nomenclature 591
References 592
21 Study of Radiant Cooling System with Parallel Desiccant Based Dedicated Outdoor Air System with Solar Regeneration 595
Prateek Srivastava and Gaurav Singh
21.1 Introduction 595
21.2 Dedicated Outdoor Air System 598
21.3 Desiccant 599
21.4 Radiant Cooling System with DOAS 602
21.5 Methodology 604
21.6 Building Description 605
21.7 System and Model Description 606
21.8 Result and Discussion 609
21.9 Primary Energy Consumption and Coefficient of Performance (COP) Analysis 610
21.10 Solar Energy Performance 613
21.11 Conclusions 614
References 614
Index 619