This book presents an extensive discussion on fundamental chemistry, classifications, structure, unique properties, and applications of various 2D nanomaterials.

The advent of graphene in 2004 has brought tremendous attention to two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Lately, this has prompted researchers to explore new 2D nanomaterials for cutting-edge research in diverse fields. Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) represent a fascinating group of novel materials that exhibit intriguing properties. The unique combination of polymer and nanomaterial not only overcomes the limitations of polymer matrices, but also changes their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties thereby broadening their application potential.

The book, comprising 22 chapters, provides a unique and detailed study of the process involved in the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials, modification strategies of 2D nanomaterials, and numerous applications of 2D nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites. The book also emphasizes the existing challenges in the functionalization and exfoliation of 2D nanomaterials as well as the chemical, structural, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of 2D nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites.

The key features of this book are:

• Provides fundamental information and a clear understanding of synthesis, processing methods, structure and physicochemical properties of 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites;
• Presents a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites;
• Explores various processing and fabrication methods and emerging applications of 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites.

Audience

Engineers and polymer scientists in the electrical, coatings, and biomedical industries will find this book very useful. Advanced students in materials science and polymer science will find it a fount of information.

Mayank Pandey, PhD, works in the Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Hennur, Bengaluru. He completed a PhD on 'Preparation of polymer electrolyte for electrochemical device applications.' He has an experimental background in synthesizing graphene quantum dots-based polymeric composites. Aside from his research, Pandey contributes to the development of new synthesis approaches in the field of nanocarbon derivatives. He has published more than 30 research articles in peer-reviewed high-impact journals.
 
Kalim Deshmukh, PhD, is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic. He has over 18 years of research experience in the synthesis, characterization and investigations of structure-property relationships of a wide variety of polymeric materials, polymer blends and nanocomposites for various technological applications. He has published numerous research articles in peer-reviewed international journals and several book chapters.
 
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD, is an adjunct professor and director of laboratories in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, United States. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of around 150 books, including scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Preface xxi
Part 1: Classifications, Synthesis Methods and Surface Modification of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials 1
1 Introduction to Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Discovery, Types and Classifications, Structure, Unique Properties, and Applications 3
Ishrat Fatma, Humira Assad and Ashish Kumar
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Types of Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials or Particles 5
1.3 Examples of Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials 7
1.4 Structural Modifications in 2D Nanomaterials 17
1.5 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 21
1.6 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials 29
1.7 Conclusion 35
2 Synthesis Approaches, Designs, and Processing Methods of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 47
Ramkishor Anant, Abhishek Tiwari, Suresh Sundaramurthy, Vaibhav Vijay and Gaurav Singh
2.1 Introduction 48
2.2 Descriptions of Terms Associated with Nanomaterials 48
2.3 2D Nanomaterial Assembly and Nanostructure 50
2.4 Approaches for the Synthesis of 2-Dimensional Nanomaterials 50
2.5 Perspective and Conclusions 73
3 Enhancing 2D Nanomaterials via Surface Modifications 83
Zahra Ranjbar, Sahar Foroughirad and Behnaz Ranjbar
3.1 Introduction 84
3.2 Chemical Modifications 85
3.3 Physical Modifications 102
3.4 Plasma Technique 103
3.5 Challenges and Future Trends 106
3.6 Conclusions 108
Part 2: Properties and Characterizations of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials 115
4 Spectroscopic and Microscopic Investigations of 2D Nanomaterials 117
Rajan Kumar and Debojeet Sahu
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 Spectroscopic Investigation of 2D Nanomaterials 119
4.3 Microscopic Investigation of 2D Nanomaterials 148
4.4 Conclusion 158
5 Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 167
Aditya D. S. and S. K. Nataraj
5.1 Introduction 167
5.2 Classification of 2D Materials 169
5.3 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials 169
5.5 Conclusion 190
6 Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 195
Alok Kumar and Ravi Shankar Rai
6.1 Introduction 195
6.2 Structures of 2D NMs 201
6.3 Synthesis and Design of 2D NMs 203
6.4 Characteristics of 2D NMs 207
6.5 Role of Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of 2D NMs for Various Applications 226
Part 3: Processing Methods and Properties of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 231
7 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications 233
Siti Nur Fatin Zuikafly, Hafizal Yahaya, Mohd Haniff Ibrahim and Fauzan Ahmad
7.1 Introduction 233
7.2 Synthesis and Processing Methods of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Composites 234
7.3 Properties of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 240
7.4 Applications of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 256
7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 271
8 Structural, Morphological, and Electrical Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 285
Sabina Yeasmin and Debajyoti Mahanta
8.1 Introduction 285
8.2 Polymer Nanocomposites 286
8.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 287
8.4 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 289
8.5 Conclusion 302
9 Thermal, Mechanical, and Viscoelastic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 311
Khadijeh Hooshyari, Mohammad Bagher Karimi, Parvaneh Kakavand, Mahshid Mohammadifar, Shahrzad Rahmani, Mahdi Tohidian and Seifollah Jamalpour
9.1 Introduction 311
9.2 Thermal Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 312
9.3 Mechanical Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 323
9.4 Viscoelastic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 329
9.5 Conclusion and Outlook 333
Part 4: Applications of Two Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 343
10 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications 345
Akhila Raman, Asok Aparna, Aathira U., A.S. Sethulekshmi and Appukuttan Saritha
10.1 Introduction 345
10.2 Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials/Polymer Nanocomposites 347
10.3 Different Types of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 350
10.4 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications 355
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 370
10.6 Acknowledgment 370
11 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries 377
Jeevan Jyoti, Manjit Sandhu, Bhanu Pratap Singh and S.K. Tripathi
11.1 Introduction 378
11.2 Basic Concept of LIBs 380
11.3 Cell Voltage 386
11.4 Polymer-Based Flexible Electrodes 387
11.5 Factors Affecting the Performance of Flexible Electrodes 388
11.6 Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials 389
11.7 Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials for LIBs 390
11.8 Conclusions 408
12 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Solar Energy Applications 419
Mahmoud H. Abu Elella, Laila Saad and Moshera Samy
12.1 Introduction 419
12.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs 420
12.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 453
13 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications 465
Seifollah Jamalpour, Amirsaeed Shamsabadi, Kosar Arab, Mahdi Tohidian, Yousef Tamsilian, Khadijeh Hooshyari and Shahrzad Rahmani
13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Technology 466
13.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 467
13.3 Nanocomposite PEMs Based on 2D Nanofillers 473
13.4 Membrane Preparation Techniques 494
13.5 Characterization Techniques 496
13.6 Conclusions and Outlooks 500
14 High-k Dielectrics Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites 509
Mohamed Nawas Vengoli, Lishin T., Aparna Thankappan and Sabu Thomas
14.1 Introduction 510
14.2 2D Dielectric Nanomaterials 512
14.3 Factors Affecting the Properties of High-k Polymer Nanocomposites with 2D Fillers 524
14.4 Application of High-k Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites 529
14.5 Dielectric Performance of Various 2D Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 530
15 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Catalytic and Photocatalytic Applications 541
Dilip Kumar Kar, Smrutirekha Mishra, Priti Sunder Mohanty and Satyabrata Si
15.1 Introduction 541
15.2 Characteristics of 2D Nanomaterials 543
15.3 Synthesis and Fabrication of 2D Materials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 546
15.4 Catalysis and/or Photocatalysis of 2D Materials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 550
15.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 570
16 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications 579
Swapnita Patra, Krishna Manjari Sahu, Shuvendu Shuvankar Purohit and Sarat K. Swain
16.1 Introduction 579
16.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs 582
16.3 Biomedical Applications of 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs 595
16.4 Conclusions 600
17 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications 609
Saleheh Shahmoradi, Mojdeh Mirshafiei, Iman Zare, Morvarid Koohkhezri, Hanna Madadi Gholipour, Fatemeh Yazdian and Ebrahim Mostafavi
17.1 Introduction 611
17.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications 612
17.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 638
18 Antibacterial and Drug Delivery Applications of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 649
Krishna Manjari Sahu, Shuvendu Shuvankar Purohit and Sarat K. Swain
18.1 Introduction 649
18.2 Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 651
18.3 Graphene Nanosheet-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 654
18.4 MXene-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 655
18.5 Nanoclay-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 657
18.6 LDH-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 659
18.7 Black Phosphorus-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 662
18.8 Boron Nitride-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 664
18.9 g-C3N4-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 665
18.10 TMD-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 667
18.11 MOF-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 668
18.12 COF-Based Polymer Nanocomposite 670
18.13 Concluding Remarks 672
19 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for Liquid and Gas Separation 681
Diksha Yadav , Sachin Karki, Moucham Borpatra Gohain and Pravin G. Ingole
19.1 Introduction 681
19.2 2D Nanomaterials 683
19.3 Classification of 2D Nanomaterial 685
19.4 Development of Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes 688
19.5 Applications of Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes 696
19.6 Future Directions 704
19.7 Conclusion 704
20 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing 713
Raghav G. R., Sreejesh Moolayadukkam, Neethu Rose Thomas and Gibin George
20.1 Introduction 714
20.2 Preparation of Polymer Composite Films for Sensing 715
20.3 Principles of Gas Sensing 716
20.4 Evaluation of Gas Sensing Devices 718
20.5 Development of Polymer-Based VOCs/Gas Sensors 718
20.6 Conclusions 735
21 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Protective Anticorrosive Coatings 743
Houra Pezeshk-Fallah, Seyedeh Zahra Haeri, Mohammad Ramezanzadeh and Bahram Ramezanzadeh
21.1 Introduction 744
21.2 Polymeric Coatings: Concepts and Formulation 744
21.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 746
21.4 Industrial Applications 776
21.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 777
References 778
Index 797