Temkar N. Ruckmongathan, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India
Dr. Ruckmongathan is a Senior Professor at the Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India. He has over 30 years' experience of research and development in the area of addressing techniques for driving LCDs. Professor Ruckmongathan has authored approximately 50 publications on driving matrix LCD. He has 16 US and European patents.

Unique reference source that can be used from the beginning to end of a design project to aid choosing an appropriate LCD addressing technique for a given application
This book will be aimed at design engineers who are likely to embed LCD drivers and controllers in many systems including systems on chip. Such designers face the challenge of making the right choice of an addressing technique that will serve them with best performance at minimal cost and complexity. Readers will be able to learn about various methods available for driving matrix LCDs and the comparisons at the end of each chapter will aid readers to make an informed design choice.
The book will address the various driving techniques related to LCDs. Due to the non-linear response of the liquid crystal to external voltages, different driving methods such as passive and active matrix driving can be utilized. The associated theoretical basis of these driving techniques is introduced, and this theoretical analysis is supplemented by information on the implementation of drivers and controllers to link the theory to practice.
* Written by an experienced research scientist with over 30 years in R&D in this field.
* Acts as an exhaustive review and comparison of techniques developed for passive-matrix addressing of twisted nematic and super-twisted nematic (STN) LCDs.
* Discusses the trend towards "High Definition" displays and that a hybrid approach to drive matrix LCDs (combination of active and passive matrix addressing) will be the future of LCD addressing.
* Contains the author's recent work on Bit-Slice Addressing that is useful for fast responding LCDs, as well as a chapter on driving ferroelectric LCDs
* Provides an objective comparison that will enable designers to make an informed choice of an addressing technique for a specific application.
* Includes examples of the practical applications of addressing techniques.
* Organised in a way that each chapter can be read independently; with the basic knowledge and historical background gained from the introductory chapters, adequate for understanding the techniques that are presented in the remaining chapters making it a self-contained reference.

Series Editor's Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xv
1 Introduction 1
2 Liquid Crystal Displays 3
2.1 Matrix Displays 3
2.2 Display Fonts and Formats 5
2.3 Liquid Crystals 8
2.4 Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals 9
2.5 Basics of Electro-optic Effects with Liquid Crystals 10
2.6 Twisted Nematic Effect 11
2.7 Super Twisted Nematic (STN)-LCD 13
2.8 STN-LCD with a 270° Twist (STN-270) 13
2.9 STN-LCD with a 180° Twist (STN-180) 14
2.10 In-plane Switching 14
2.11 Ferroelectric LCD (FLCD) 14
2.12 Summary 15
3 Review of Addressing Techniques 17
3.1 Addressing Techniques 17
3.2 Matrix Addressing 18
3.3 Nonlinear Characteristics 19
3.4 Cross-Talk in a Matrix LCD 21
3.5 Driving Matrix Displays 22
3.6 Bi-phase Addressing 23
3.7 Line-by-Line Addressing (LLA) 25
3.8 Half-Select Technique 27
3.9 Two-Third-Select Technique (TTST) 29
3.10 Selection Ratio (SR) and the Maximum Selection Ratio 30
3.11 Limitations of Matrix Addressing 37
3.12 Principle of Restricted Pattern Addressing 38
3.13 Pulse Coincidence Technique (PCT) 40
3.14 Pseudo Random Technique (PRT) 42
3.15 Restricted Pattern Addressing Technique (RPAT) 43
3.16 Addressing Technique for Dial Type Displays 47
3.17 Frame Frequency 47
3.18 Large Area Display 48
3.19 Dielectric Relaxation 48
3.20 Supply Voltage of Drivers 49
3.21 Nonuniformity Due to Resistance Mismatches 49
3.22 Need for Multiline Addressing Techniques 51
4 Binary Addressing 53
4.1 Principle 53
4.2 Binary Addressing Technique (BAT) 55
4.3 Analysis of the BAT 58
4.4 Practical Aspects of the BAT 66
4.5 Drivers for Driving the LCD with the BAT 69
5 Orthogonal Functions and Matrix Addressing 71
5.1 Orthogonal Functions 71
5.2 Multiplexing 78
5.3 Matrix Addressing 80
5.4 Line-by-Line Addressing 81
5.5 Multiline Addressing 82
5.6 Discussion 85
6 Active Addressing 87
6.1 Principle 87
6.2 Active Addressing Technique (AAT) 87
6.3 Summary 93
7 Hybrid Addressing 95
7.1 Principle 95
7.2 Hybrid Addressing Technique (HAT) 96
7.3 Analysis of the HAT 98
7.4 Drivers of the Hybrid Addressing Technique 103
7.5 Discussion 103
8 Improved Hybrid Addressing 105
8.1 Principle 105
8.2 Improved Hybrid Addressing Technique (IHAT) 106
8.3 Analysis of IHAT 108
8.4 Discussion 115
9 Improved Hybrid Addressing Special Case 3 119
9.1 Principle 119
9.2 Analysis 120
9.3 Summary 126
10 Improved Hybrid Addressing Special Case 4 127
10.1 Principle 127
10.2 Analysis 127
10.3 Summary 136
11 Sequency Addressing 137
11.1 Principle 137
11.2 Technique 137
11.3 Discussion 141
12 Restricted Pattern Addressing 145
12.1 Principle 145
12.2 Technique 145
12.3 Analysis 149
12.4 Summary 152
13 Review of Methods to Display Greyscales 153
13.1 Greyscales in Liquid Crystal Displays 153
13.2 Basics of Greyscale 153
13.3 Frame Modulation 155
13.4 Pulse Width Modulation 157
13.5 Row Pulse Height Modulation 157
13.6 Data Pulse Height Modulation 159
13.7 Summary 161
14 Amplitude Modulation 163
14.1 Principle 163
14.2 Amplitude Modulation - Split Time Interval 164
14.3 Amplitude Modulation in Multiline Addressing 170
14.4 Pulse Height Modulation 172
14.5 Discussion 173
15 Successive Approximation 175
15.1 Principle 175
15.2 Technique 177
15.3 Analysis 179
15.4 Discussion 181
16 Cross-Pair Method 183
16.1 Principle 183
16.2 Technique 186
16.3 Analysis 187
16.4 Cross Pairing with Four Pairs of Data Voltages 190
16.5 Discussion 196
17 Wavelet-Based Addressing 197
17.1 Principle 197
17.2 Line-by-line Addressing with Wavelets 201
17.3 Analysis 207
17.4 Principle of Multiline Addressing with Wavelets 210
17.5 Technique 215
18 Bit Slice Addressing 223
18.1 Principle 224
18.2 Bit Slice Addressing Technique 229
18.3 Bit Slice Addressing with a Light Source 231
18.4 Bit Slice Addressing with Multiple Light Sources 232
18.5 Merits of Bit Slice Addressing 236
18.6 Demerits of Bit Slice Addressing 238
18.7 Discussion 239
19 Multibit Slice Addressing 241
19.1 Principle 241
19.2 Dual Bit Addressing of the LCD 242
19.3 Nibble Slice Addressing 246
19.4 Summary 248
20 Micro Pulse Width Modulation 249
20.1 Principle 249
20.2 Micro Pulse Width Modulation 250
20.3 Results 261
20.4 Summary 266
21 Comparison of Addressing Techniques 267
21.1 Line-by-Line Addressing 267
21.2 Multiline Addressing 268
21.3 Methods to Display Greyscales 271
21.4 Summary 272
22 Low Power Dissipation 273
22.1 Background 273
22.2 Principle 274
22.3 Multistep Waveform for Low Power 275
22.4 Static Drive with a Multistep Waveform 278
22.5 Power Dissipation in a Multiplexed Matrix LCD 278
22.6 Waveforms to Reduce Power Dissipation 281
22.7 Low Power Dissipation in the Successive Approximation Method 283
22.8 Summary 290
23 Low Power Consumption of Backlight 291
23.1 Principle of Backlight Switching 291
23.2 Reduction of Power with White Backlight and Monochrome Images 292
23.3 Power Reduction in the Colour Sequential Mode 300
23.4 Power Reduction of Backlight with Micro Pulse Width Modulation 300
23.5 Power Reduction with Micro PWM in the Colour Sequential Mode 304
23.6 Summary 308
24 Drivers for Liquid Crystal Displays 309
24.1 Basics 309
24.2 Drivers for Direct Drive 310
24.3 Drivers for the Matrix LCD 313
24.4 Drivers for Multiline Addressing Techniques 315
24.5 Summary 317
25 Active and Passive Matrix Addressing 319
25.1 Switched Passive Matrix Addressing (Line-by-Line) 319
25.2 Switched Passive Matrix Addressing (Line-by-Line) with Reduced External Connections 321
25.3 Multiplexed Active Matrix Addressing 322
25.4 An Ideal Active Matrix LCD 323
26 Conclusion 325
Bibliography 329
Index 333