Water is not only a source of life and culture. It is also a source of power, conflicting interests and identity battles. Rights to materially access, culturally organize and politically control water resources are poorly understood by mainstream scientific approaches and hardly addressed by current normative frameworks. These issues become even more challenging when law and policy-makers and dominant power groups try to grasp, contain and handle them in multicultural societies. The struggles over the uses, meanings and appropriation of water are especially well-illustrated in Andean communities and local water systems of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia, as well as in Native American communities in south-western USA. The problem is that throughout history, these nation-states have attempted to 'civilize' and bring into the mainstream the different cultures and peoples within their borders instead of understanding 'context' and harnessing the strengths and potentials of diversity. This book examines the multi-scale struggles for cultural justice and socio-economic re-distribution that arise as Latin American communities and user federations seek access to water resources and decision-making power regarding their control and management. It is set in the dynamic context of unequal, globalizing power relations, politics of scale and identity, environmental encroachment and the increasing presence of extractive industries that are creating additional pressures on local livelihoods. While much of the focus of the book is on the Andean Region, a number of comparative chapters are also included. These address issues such as water rights and defence strategies in neighbouring countries and those of Native American people in the southern USA, as well as state reform and multi-culturalism across Latin and Native America and the use of international standards in struggles for indigenous water rights. This book shows that, against all odds, people are actively contesting neoliberal globalization and water power plays. In doing so, they construct new, hybrid water rights systems, livelihoods, cultures and hydro-political networks, and dynamically challenge the mainstream powers and politics.

Rutgerd Boelens is a researcher with Wageningen University, The Netherlands, coordinator of the South American programs Water Law and Indigenous Rights (WALIR) and Concertaci n. In books, articles and films, he has widely published on the linkages between water rights, cultures, policies and power relations. David H. Getches has focused most of his academic and legal career on the rights of native peoples and on water rights in the United States. Since 2003 he has been Dean of the University of Colorado Law School and he holds the title of Raphael J. Moses Professor of Natural Resources Law. Armando Guevara-Gil is a Law Professor at Pontificia Universidad Cat lica del Per Lima. His main fields are Law and Anthropology, History of Law, and Law & Development. He served as the national coordinator of the Water Law and Indigenous Rights Project in Per (WALIR), headed by Wageningen University and the Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC).

List of Figures, Tables and Boxes

Preface

Part I: Water Rights, Power, Identity and Social Struggle. An Introduction

1. Introduction: Water Struggles and the Politics of Identity

2. Water Property Relations and Modern Policy Regimes: Neoliberal Utopia and the Disempowerment of Collective Action

3. The Limits of State Reform and Multiculturalism in Latin America. Contemporary Illustrations

4. A Masculine World: the Politics of Gender and Identity in Irrigation Expert Thinking

Part II: Politics of Identity and Andean Livelihoods

5. Identity Politics and Indigenous Movements in Andean History

6. Cultural Identity and Indigenous Water Rights in the Andean Highlands

7. Land, Water and the Search for Sustainable Livelihood in the Andes

Part III: Tensions and Mergers among Local Water Rights and National Policies

8. Water Laws, Collective Rights and System Diversity in the Andean Countries

9. Water Rights and Conflicts in an Inter-Andean Watershed. The Achamayo River Valley, Jun n, Peru

10. Water Rights, Mining and Indigenous Groups in Chile's Atacama

11. Indian Water Rights in Conflict with State Water Rights: the Case of the Pyramid Lake Paiute Tribe in Nevada, USA

12. Acequias of the Southwestern United States in Tension with State Water Laws

13. Community-controlled Codification of Local Resource Tenure: an Effective Tool for Defending Local Rights?

Part IV: Social Mobilization and Grassroots Strategies for Water Rights

14. Using International Norms in Indigenous Water Rights Struggles

15. Networking Strategies and Struggles for Water Control. From Water Wars to Mobilizations for Day-to-Day Water Rights Defence

16. Federating and Defending: Water, Territory and Extraction in the Andes

17. Water Rights, Power and Identity. Conclusions

About the Authors

Index