This book provides translations and analysis of the Arabic sources relating to the Turkic invasions of the Middle East in the eleventh century.

Yehoshua Frenkel is a Senior Lecturer in Middle Eastern History, University of Haifa and is currently engaged in a research project entitled The Environmental History of Maml¿k Bil¿d al-Sh¿m.

Prologue Introduction 1 Ibn Khurrdadhbih 2 Ibn al-Faqih 3 Abu Dulaf 4 Ibn al-Dawadari 5 el-Ayni 6 Ibn Hassul 7 al-Makin Jirjis Ibn al-Amid 8 Ibn al-Dawadari