This book collects fifteen new case studies documenting successful knowledge and information sharing commons institutions for medical and health sciences innovation. Also available as Open Access.

1. The knowledge commons framework Brett Frischmann, Michael Madison and Katherine Strandburg; 2. Leviathan in the commons: biomedical data and the state Jorge Contreras; 3. Centralization, fragmentation, and replication in the genomic data commons Peter Lee; 4. Genomic data commons Barbara J. Evans; 5. Population biobanks' governance: a case study of knowledge commons Andrea Boggio; 6. The Sentinel Initiative as a knowledge commons Ryan Abbott; 7. Cancer: from a kingdom to a commons Michael Mattioli; 8. The greatest generational impact: the open neuroscience movement as an emerging knowledge commons Maja Larson and Margaret Chon; 9. Better to give than to receive: an uncommon commons in synthetic biology Andrew W. Torrance; 10. Governance of biomedical research commons to advance clinical translation: lessons from the mouse model community Tania Bubela, Rhiannon Adams, Shubha Chandrasekharan, Amrita Mishra and Songyan Liu; 11. Constructing interdisciplinary collaboration: the Oncofertility Consortium as an emerging knowledge commons Laura G. Pedraza-Fariña; 12. The application of user innovation and knowledge commons governance to mental health intervention Glenn Saxe and Mary Acri; 13. Challenges and opportunities in developing and sharing solutions by patients and caregivers: the story of a knowledge commons for the patient innovation project Pedro Oliveira, Leid Zejnilovi¿ and Helena Canhão; 14. Chronic disease, new thinking and outlaw innovation: patients on the edge in the knowledge commons Stephen Flowers; 15. The North American Mitochondrial Disease Consortium: a developing knowledge commons Katherine J. Strandburg and Brett M. Frischmann; 16. The Consortium of Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease Researchers (CEGIR): an emerging knowledge commons Katherine J. Strandburg and Stefan Bechtold.