Francis Botchway is an Associate Professor at Qatar University.

1. Cause of Action 2. Fora for International Economic 3. Adjudication Jurisdictional Defences 4. Procedural or Admissibility Defences 5. Sovereignty 6. Comity 7. Act of State 8. Consent and Acquiescence 9. Necessity and Force Majeur 10. Domestic Law As Bar 11. Mutual Culpability Defence 12. Exceptions, Exemptions, Reservations, Non-Ratification and Conclusion of a Later Treaty 13. Vitiating Factors: Fraud, Corruption, Duress and Knowledge or Notice