Monetary Policy, central banking, and international norms and regulations; a discussion far from new, nor applying exclusively to the world's most advanced economies. A sound monetary policy and a well-enforced regulatory regime is provided, in explanation of developing nations to channel financial resources more efficiently into investments.

1. Monetary Policy and Central Banking Independence 2. Overview of the National Banking Systems and Reforms 3. Convergence of Banking Sectors Regulations 4. Analysis of Banking Efficiency and Convergence 5. Impact of Monetary Policy and Bank Regulations on Efficiency 6. Impact of Bank Regulations on Growth 7. Conclusions

RYM AYADI is Senior Research Fellow and Head of Research at the Financial Institutions, Prudential Policy and Tax Unit at the Centre for European Policy Studies, a leading Brussels think tank. She is Scientific Director of an international research network on prospective analysis in the Mediterranean, funded by the European Union framework research program. She is Visiting Professor at HEC Montreal, Canada. She has published several books, scholarly articles and policy papers on financial economics, financial development and regulation and serves on several editorial boards for scientific journals. Dr. Ayadi is senior expert member of several high-level expert groups in international organizations, is Vice President of the European Financial Inclusion Network (EFIN), a European network that promotes mutual learning on financial inclusion, and President of the Euro-Mediterranean Economists Association. She holds a PhD in Economics and Finance from University Paris Dauphine.

SAMI MOULEY is Professor at the High School for Economic and Commercial Sciences, Tunis where he teaches monetary macroeconomics and international finance. He is also Director of the CEFI research lab (Croissance Economique et Finance Internationale). Specializing in economic policy, banking strategy, and central banking, Professor Mouley holds a PhD in Economics and International Finance from the University of Aix-Marseille 2, France. He is a researcher in economics for a number of international research institutions and a senior consultant for multilateral financial institutions. He has authored a number of technical reports and dedicated books on Arab economies.