Preface
Abbreviations
Introduction 3
Ch. 1 The Problem of Dissent: Criticism as Contest 14
Ch. 2 Public Speech and Brute Fact: Thucydides 52
Ch. 3 Essence and Enactment: Aristophanes Ecclesiazusae 122
Ch. 4 Justice, Knowledge, Power: Plato Apology, Crito, Gorgias, Republic 156
Ch. 5 Eloquence, Leadership, Memory: Isocrates Antidosis and Areopagiticus 248
Ch. 6 Political Animals, Actual Citizens, and the Best Possible Polis: Aristotle Politics 290
Ch. 7 The Dialectics of Dissent: Criticism as Dialogue 352
Bibliography 375
Index Locorum 403
General Index 409

How and why did the Western tradition of political theorizing arise in Athens during the late fifth and fourth centuries B.C.? By interweaving intellectual history with political philosophy and literary analysis, Josiah Ober argues that the tradition originated in a high-stakes debate about democracy. Since elite Greek intellectuals tended to assume that ordinary men were incapable of ruling themselves, the longevity and resilience of Athenian popular rule presented a problem: how to explain the apparent success of a regime "irrationally" based on the inherent wisdom and practical efficacy of decisions made by non-elite citizens? The problem became acute after two oligarchic coups d' tat in the late fifth century B.C. The generosity and statesmanship that democrats showed after regaining political power contrasted starkly with the oligarchs' violence and corruption. Since it was no longer self-evident that "better men" meant "better government," critics of democracy sought new arguments to explain the relationship among politics, ethics, and morality.
Ober offers fresh readings of the political works of Thucydides, Plato, and Aristotle, among others, by placing them in the context of a competitive community of dissident writers. These thinkers struggled against both democratic ideology and intellectual rivals to articulate the best and most influential criticism of popular rule. The competitive Athenian environment stimulated a century of brilliant literary and conceptual innovation. Through Ober's re-creation of an ancient intellectual milieu, early Western political thought emerges not just as a "footnote to Plato," but as a dissident commentary on the first Western democracy.

Josiah Ober is the David Magie Professor of Ancient History in the Department of Classics at Princeton University. His books include The Athenian Revolution, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens, and Demokratia (edited with Charles Hedrick). All three books are available from Princeton.